avian tuberculosis

tuberculosis /tu·ber·cu·lo·sis/ (-sis) any of the infectious diseases of humans and other animals due to species of Mycobacterium and marked by formation of tubercles and caseous necrosis in tissues of any organ; in humans the lung is the major seat of infection and the usual portal through which infection reaches other organs.

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avian tuberculosis  a form affecting various birds, due to Mycobacterium avium, which may be communicated to humans and other animals.

bovine tuberculosis  an infection of cattle due to Mycobacterium bovis, transmissible to humans and other animals.

disseminated tuberculosis  an acute form of miliary t.

genital tuberculosis  tuberculosis of the genital tract, e.g., tuberculous endometritis.

tuberculosis of lungs  pulmonary t.

miliary tuberculosis  a form varying in severity, in which minute tubercles form in different organs due to dissemination of bacilli through the body by the blood stream.

open tuberculosis 

1. that in which there are lesions from which tubercle bacilli are discharged out of the body.

2. pulmonary tuberculosis with cavitation.

pulmonary tuberculosis  tuberculosis of lungs; infection of the lungs by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with tuberculous pneumonia, formation of tuberculous granulation tissue, caseous necrosis, calcification, and cavity formation. Symptoms include weight loss, fatigue, night sweats, purulent sputum, hemoptysis, and chest pain.

renal tuberculosis  renal disease due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

spinal tuberculosis  osteitis or caries of vertebrae, usually as a complication of pulmonary tuberculosis.

tuberculosis verruco´sa cu´tis , warty tuberculosis a condition usually due to external inoculation of tubercle bacilli into the skin, with wartlike patches having an inflammatory, erythematous border.

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avian tuberculosis,

a strain of tuberculosis in birds, caused by Mycobacterium avium. Birds consistently shed large amounts of the bacteria into the environment via feces. The organism is also pathogenic in humans and is especially problematic in the immunocompromised, such as those with human immunodeficiency virus infection.

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avian

pertaining to or emanating from members of the class Aves. See also bird.

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avian air sacs

see air sacs.

avian broodiness

the desire to sit on eggs and hatch them is very strong in birds after they have laid a few eggs at the beginning of a new egg laying season. The procedure is a disaster for the commercial egg producer because egg laying ceases. Temporary measures are available to discourage hens from going broody but the long-term practice has been to select against it so that modern egg laying strains of birds do not show broodiness.

avian diseases

diseases affecting birds. For individual diseases see under etiological or pathoanatomic keyword, e.g. avian arizonosis, myeloblastosis (2).

avian hepatitis B-like virus

see avihepadnavirus.

avian incubation periods

quail hatch in 16-18 days, chickens in 21, ducks in 28 days (Muscovies are an exception—33-35 days) and turkeys in 28 days. In some wild species hatching is synchronized by communication between the eggs.

infectious avian nephrosis

see infectious avian nephrosis.

avian influenza

a highly contagious disease caused by influenza A virus, affecting fowl, turkeys, pheasants and some wild birds, but rarely waterbirds or pigeons. Clinically there is a short course and very heavy mortality; birds that survive have a nasal discharge, white necrotic spots on the comb and wattles, and edema of the head and neck. Called also fowl plague. Some strains, notably H5N1 and H7N7, have emerged as the cause of fatal, but relatively rare, human infections.

avian leukosis

see avian leukosis.

avian lymphoid leukosis

see lymphoid leukosis.

avian malaria

a disease affecting most species of birds and caused by Plasmodium spp. (P. gallinaceum in fowl, P. juxtanucleare in fowl and turkeys, P. durae and P. griffithsi in turkeys). The disease is characterized by anemia which may be fatal. Transmission is by mosquitoes. See also plasmodium.

avian molt

see molting.

avian nesting

a strong biological urge to prepare a nest and lay eggs in it occurs in only some domestic birds. The building of a nest is stimulated by the previous laying of an egg.

avian oogenesis

the process from the time that the oocyte leaves the ovary until is produced with the typical avian flourish as a finished egg takes 25-26 hours. The yolk is added to the oocyte in the ovary and over a period of 60-70 days before the ovum is released. The oocyte is enveloped with albumen in the albumen-secreting section or magnum of the oviduct. The two shell membranes are added to the egg as it passes through the isthmus of the oviduct. The shell is added during a stay of about 15-20 hours in the shell gland, the last stop before the vagina. See also egg (4).

avian pox

see fowlpox.

avian reticuloendotheliosis virus

pathogenic avian retroviruses that are antigenically and genetically unrelated to avian leukosis/sarcoma retroviruses.

avian tuberculosis

see Mycobacterium aviumtuberculosis.

avian type C retroviruses

includes avian leukosis viruses and avian sarcoma viruses.

avian vibrionic hepatitis

see avian vibrionic hepatitis.

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tuberculosis

applied generally to diseases caused by tuberculous group of bacteria in the genus Mycobacteria, which includes Mycobacteria tuberculosis, M. bovis and M. avium. See also fish tuberculosis, mycobacteriosis.

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atypical mycobacterial tuberculosis

see atypical mycobacteriosis.

avian tuberculosis

see Mycobacterium avium tuberculosis (below).

bovine tuberculosis

see Mycobacterium bovis tuberculosis (below).

cutaneous tuberculosis

infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis uncommonly involves the skin; in dogs and cats it can occur as cutaneous ulcers, abscesses, plaques and nodules. More often, the term is used to describe infection with atypical mycobacteria.

fish tuberculosis

see fish tuberculosis.

Mycobacterium avium tuberculosis

causes a significant disease only in birds. In birds it is a chronic disease characterized by loss of body weight, poor egg production and eventual death. There are characteristic large gray, yellow or white tubercles in liver, spleen and intestinal wall. The disease is very persistent in a flock. In mammals it causes nonprogressive lesions, especially in lymph nodes, causing the animals to be positive to the tuberculin test.

Mycobacterium bovis tuberculosis

a chronic disease characterized by the development of tubercles or discrete nodular lesions in any organ. These may develop a necrotic center containing yellow-orange pus, often caseous. Diffuse involvement of lungs causing bronchopneumonia, and of uterus causing metritis, and of the udder also occur. The common clinical syndrome is wasting with localizing signs dependent on the organs involved. A common lesion in horses is osteomyelitis of a cervical vertebra.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis tuberculosis

infection with the human mycobacteria causes transient, usually lesionless infections in animals.

open tuberculosis

1. that in which there are lesions from which tubercle bacilli are being discharged out of the body.

2. tuberculosis of the lungs with cavitation.

skin tuberculosis

is characterized by chronic indurated lesions on the skin of the lower limbs of cattle. There are nodules on the path of corded lymphatics. Nonpathogenic acid-fast bacteria are present in the lesions and affected cattle are positive to the tuberculin test. Also occurs uncommonly in dogs and cats as single or multiple nodules, ulcers, abscesses or plaques in the skin. See also mycobacteriosis.

tuberculosis testing

tuberculin testing.