anticoagulant citrate phosphate dextrose adenine solution

solution /so·lu·tion/ (sŏ-loo´shun)

1. a homogeneous mixture of one or more substances (solutes) dispersed molecularly in a sufficient quantity of dissolving medium (solvent).

2. in pharmacology, a liquid preparation of one or more soluble chemical substances usually dissolved in water.

3. the process of dissolving.

4. a loosening or separation.

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acetic acid otic solution  a solution of glacial acetic acid in a nonaqueous solvent, used to treat otitis externa caused by various fungi.

aluminum acetate topical solution  a preparation of aluminum subacetate solution, glacial acetic acid, and water; an astringent applied topically to the skin as a wet dressing and used as a gargle or mouthwash.

aluminum subacetate topical solution  a solution of aluminum sulfate, acetic acid, precipitated calcium carbonate, and water; applied topically as an astringent, and also as an antiseptic and a wet dressing.

anisotonic solution  one having tonicity differing from that of the standard of reference.

anticoagulant citrate dextrose solution  a solution of citric acid, sodium citrate, and dextrose in water for injection, used for preservation of whole blood.

anticoagulant citrate phosphate dextrose solution  a solution containing citric acid, sodium citrate, monobasic sodium phosphate, and dextrose in water for injection; used for preservation of whole blood.

anticoagulant citrate phosphate dextrose adenine solution  a solution consisting of anticoagulant citrate phosphate dextrose solution and adenine; used for the preservation of whole blood.

anticoagulant heparin solution  a sterile solution of heparin sodium in sodium chloride, used as an anticoagulant in the preservation of whole blood.

anticoagulant sodium citrate solution  a solution of sodium citrate in water for injection, used for the storage of whole blood, preparation of blood for fractionation, and preparation of citrated human plasma.

APF solution  sodium fluoride and acidulated phosphate topical s.

aqueous solution  one in which water is the solvent.

Benedict's solution  a sodium citrate, sodium carbonate, and cupric sulfate aqueous solution; used to determine presence of glucose in urine.

buffer solution  one that resists appreciable change in its hydrogen ion concentration upon addition of acid or alkali.

cardioplegic solution  a cold solution injected into the aortic root or the coronary ostia to induce cardiac arrest and protect the heart during open heart surgery, usually potassium in an electrolyte solution or in blood.

colloid solution , colloidal solution imprecise term for a colloidal system; see colloid (2).

Dakin's solution  a diluted sodium hypochlorite solution, which has been used as a topical anti-infective for skin and wounds.

formaldehyde solution  an aqueous solution containing not less than 37 per cent formaldehyde; used as a disinfectant and as a preservative and fixative for pathologic specimens.

hyperbaric solution  one having a greater specific gravity than a standard of reference.

hypobaric solution  one having a specific gravity less than that of a standard of reference.

iodine topical solution  a solution prepared with purified water, each 100 ml containing 1.8 to 2.2 g of iodine and 2.1 to 2.6 g of sodium iodide; a local anti-infective.

isobaric solution  a solution having the same specific gravity as a standard of reference.

lactated Ringer's solution  see under injection.

Lugol's solution  strong iodine s.

molar solution  a solution each liter of which contains 1 mole of the dissolved substance; designated 1 M. The concentration of other solutions may be expressed in relation to that of molar solutions as tenth-molar (0.1 M), etc.

Monsel's solution  a reddish-brown aqueous solution of basic ferric sulfate; astringent and hemostatic.

normal solution  a solution each liter of which contains 1 equivalent weight of the dissolved substance: designated 1 N.

normal saline solution , normal salt solution physiologic salt s.

ophthalmic solution  a sterile solution, free from foreign particles, for instillation into the eye.

physiologic saline solution , physiologic salt solution, physiologic sodium chloride solution a 0.9 per cent aqueous solution of sodium chloride, which is isotonic with blood serum.

Ringer's solution  see under injection and irrigation.

saline solution , salt solution a solution of sodium chloride in purified water.

saturated solution  one containing all of the solute which can be held in solution by the solvent.

sclerosing solution  a solution of a sclerosing agent, for use in sclerotherapy.

Shohl's solution  an aqueous solution of citric acid and sodium citrate; used to correct electrolyte imbalance in renal tubular acidosis.

sodium fluoride and acidulated phosphate topical solution  a solution of sodium fluoride, acidulated with phosphoric acid, pH of 3.0 to 3.5; applied topically to the teeth as a dental caries prophylactic.

sodium hypochlorite solution  a solution containing 4 to 6 per cent by weight of sodium hypochlorite; used to disinfect utensils. In dilution, usually containing approximately 0.5 per cent free chlorine, it is used for skin disinfection and wound irrigation.

standard solution  one that contains in each liter a definitely stated amount of reagent; usually expressed in terms of normality (equivalent weights of solute per liter of solution) or molarity (moles of solute per liter of solution).

strong iodine solution  a solution containing, in each 100 ml, 5 g of iodine and 10 g of potassium iodide; a source of iodine.

supersaturated solution  an unstable solution containing more of the solute than it can permanently hold.

TAC solution  a solution of tetracaine, epinephrine, and cocaine, used as a local anesthetic in the emergency treatment of uncomplicated lacerations.

volumetric solution  one that contains a specific quantity of solvent per stated unit of volume.

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anticoagulant citrate phosphate dextrose adenine solution,

citrate phosphate dextrose adenine.

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anticoagulant [an″te-, an″ti-ko-ag´u-lant]

1. serving to prevent the coagulation of blood.

2. any substance that, in vivo or in vitro, suppresses, delays, or nullifies coagulation of the blood.

anticoagulant citrate phosphate dextrose adenine solution citrate phosphate dextrose adenine.

anticoagulant citrate phosphate dextrose solution citrate phosphate dextrose.

anticoagulant therapy the therapeutic use of anticoagulants to discourage formation of blood clots within a blood vessel. Its main purpose is preventive; however, thrombolytic action of an anticoagulant can destroy a clot and thereby improve the condition of the ischemic tissue supplied by the affected vessel. Conditions in which this therapy is used include occlusive vascular disease, such as coronary occlusion, cerebrovascular and venous thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism. It is administered prophylactically when major surgery is planned for a patient with a history of arterial stasis, and for patients who must be immobilized for a prolonged period of time.

Anticoagulant agents include those that interfere with the formation of clots (antithrombotics), such as heparin and the coumarin compounds, and those that are capable of disintegrating thrombi that have already formed (thrombolytics), such as streptokinase and urokinase. A third group of anticoagulants, the antiplatelet agents, prevent the clumping together of platelets, a primary step in the formation of thrombi, especially in the cerebrovascular system. These agents are classified as antithrombocytics and are not to be confused with or used as a substitute for other types of anticoagulants.

Patient Care. The major difficulties that may arise during the course of anticoagulant therapy are hemorrhage and drug interaction. Observation of the patient for early signs of internal as well as external spontaneous bleeding is of primary importance. Health care personnel responsible for the care of these patients must be knowledgeable about the various laboratory tests and interpretation of their results in the administration of anticoagulant drugs and in assessment of the patient.

The effects of anticoagulants can be enhanced or inhibited by a variety of drugs and chemical compounds, especially the salicylates, barbiturates, and antibiotics. Ambulatory patients must be cautioned against taking any other drugs in combination with an anticoagulant agent without first consulting with the health care provider who prescribed the drug. This includes nonprescription or “over-the-counter” drugs as well as prescription drugs. Dietary restrictions such as fasting diets or those that limit the intake or utilization of the fat-soluble vitamin K can result in increased pharmacologic action of an anticoagulant.

The patient and family should be given adequate instruction in the purposes of anticoagulant therapy, the effects and side effects of other drugs and dietary intake on anticoagulant agents, and the need for regular contact with members of the health care team so that adequate monitoring of the patient's status can be continued as long as the patient is receiving an anticoagulant.

Instruction of the patient and significant others should include prevention of accidental injury, basic first aid measures to control bleeding should an accident occur, the danger signs that warrant immediate medical attention, and assurance that bleeding can be controlled. A Medic Alert bracelet should be worn to alert health care professionals in an emergency situation that the patient is taking anticoagulants.

Women of childbearing age need counseling about the effects of anticoagulants on contraceptive methods and reproduction. Those who are taking an anticoagulant for prevention of emboli cannot use oral contraceptives or an intrauterine device, which could cause endometrial bleeding. Should a patient think she is or desires to be pregnant, the primary care provider should be notified at once. Warfarin crosses the placental barrier and can cause fatal hemorrhage in the fetus. It can also enter the mother's milk and have an anticoagulant effect in the nursing baby. Heparin does not have these properties and can be substituted for warfarin when necessary.