3. a substance-specific
substance-induced disorder that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a
psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. Specific withdrawal syndromes include those for
alcohol,
amphetamines or similarly acting
sympathomimetics,
cocaine,
nicotine,
opioids, and
sedatives,
hypnotics, or
antianxiety agents. Called also
abstinence syndrome,
withdrawal symptoms, and
withdrawal syndrome.
The usual reactions to alcohol withdrawal are anxiety, weakness, gastrointestinal symptoms, nausea and vomiting, tremor, fever, rapid heartbeat, convulsions, and delirium (see also
delirium tremens). Similar effects are produced by withdrawal of
barbiturates and in this case convulsions occur frequently, often followed by psychosis with hallucinations. Treatment of withdrawal consists of providing a substitute drug such as a mild sedative, along with treatment of the symptoms as needed. Parenteral fluids are often required.