approximatus exhibits considerable variation in body size (Wood 1982) and
stridulates in response to disturbance.
Ants in four subfamilies
stridulate, but others seem silent and don't have recognizable scraping surfaces, Ward notes.
Many Phaneropterinae species have a communication system between male and female where both sexes
stridulate, whilst in others only the males sing (Heller et al.
These same active flight muscles are used for sound production in species that
stridulate to generate acoustic signals (Heinrich 1974, Elsner & Popov 1978, Josephson 1984).
Male katydids
stridulate usually with the left tegmen (file-bearing wing) on top of the right one (scraper bearing wing) and sound is radiated mainly by the scraper-bearing tegmen, which possesses specialized membranes enclosed by complex venation: e.g., the mirror (Bailey 1970, Broughton 1964, Morris & Pipher 1967).
Most male tettigoniids
stridulate (make sound by rubbing cuticular surfaces) with tegmina; they draw a scraper on one forewing along a file of teeth (Fig.
In Sweden adult males
stridulate from July to October, and if the weather is warm or sunny they
stridulate almost continuously during the day at this time.