D dead;immobile, but
spiracles begin to move slowly and irregularly after being placed in seawater.
n.: (1) larva, prothoracic spatula, sternal and ventral papillae, ventral view; (2) larval terminal segment, ventral view; (3) pupa, cephalic region, frontal view, and prothoracic
spiracle; and (4) pupa, last abdominal segments, dorsal view; (5) male head, frontal view; (6) male flagellomere 5.
In this group, where large series of specimens are available for comparative study, there appears to be developmental and interspecific variation in the extent and intensity of the tergite's lateral sclerotization, so that, in some specimens, especially those that are teneral, the
spiracle appears to open on an unsclerotized portion of the pleuron membrane.
13); propodeum with posterior transverse and anterior transverse carinae present, lateral longitudinal carina present anteriorly until
spiracle level, lateromedian longitudinal carina present anteriorly until joining anterior transverse carina (Fig.
Abdominal
spiracles I 0.18 mm long and 0.12 mm wide, shorter than
spiracles II-VIII.
Areas that stained at pH 7.2 (fat body, developing legs and wings, first pupal
spiracle, tracheae, punctate staining between dorsal thoracic muscles, and developing digestive system) stained more intensely at pH 6.0.
Collar segment with two very large papillae without setae in dorsal region; dorsal sclerotized plate occupying pro and mesothorax with a row of setae on superior margin; pleural papillae very well developed and one
spiracle each side of the plate (Figure 12).
The shape of the pronotal shoulder, lower margin of the pronotum, basalar sclerite, and propodeal
spiracle are important.
At this stage, the rays displayed tonic immobility, absence of tail and fin movements, absence of reaction to external touch and frequency of
spiracle beats of less than 10 per minute.
T1 with spiracular area barely or not projecting, not forming a concavity behind
spiracle (Fig.