EPA (1999a) analysis, reportedly because of lack of confidence in the new end point of
postneonatal mortality. Child-specific associations are the focus of this preliminary study, and all available evidence was used.
For black infants, the
postneonatal mortality rate decreased 4% (from 6.7 to 6.4), and for white infants, 3% (from 2.9 to 2.8).
However, the data also show elevations in late fetal, neonatal, and
postneonatal mortality rates for Antofagasta compared with Valparaiso for a defined period of time reflecting the rather sudden and sharp rise in the concentration of arsenic in the city's public water supply.
However, from 1960 through 1989, the rate of decline in
postneonatal mortality was faster for black (3%) than for white infants (2%).
Figures 3-5 show secular trends in late fetal, neonatal, and
postneonatal mortality rates, respectively, by 4-year intervals, for Antofagasta and Valparaiso.
In 1988, for white infants, the
postneonatal mortality rate also remained the same as the previous 2 years (3.1 per 1000); for black infants, the rate was 6.2 per 1000, compared with 6.1 per 1000 in 1987.
Until the late 1960s, improvement in infant mortality resulted primarily from declines in
postneonatal mortality (PNM) (defined as deaths among infants 28-364 days of age) [1,2].
Postneonatal mortality for infants born to unmarried mothers was higher than for infants born to married women except for white mothers <18 years of age and black mothers <20 years of age.
Postneonatal mortality among normal birth-weight infants --2,500 g) has been used as an indicator of preventable mortality (2).
For 2017, the neonatal and
postneonatal mortality rates (3.85 and 1.94, respectively) were also essentially unchanged from 2016.
At the beginning of the MDGs (1990) neonatal mortality (NM), probability of dying within the first month of life, and
postneonatal mortality (PNM), probability of dying between the 5th and 52nd week of life, were 63 and 70 while infant mortality (IM), probability of dying between birth and the first birthday, and U5M were 133 and 216 per 1000 live births, respectively [7, 8].