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In addition to the 78 patients from the lung cancer prevention study, the researchers collected data on four deceased patients who each donated a lung for transplantation (controls), four patients with centrilobular emphysema who each donated a lung, and eight patients with
panlobular emphysema who donated 10 lungs after lung transplantation.
Plasma deficiency of AAT is most commonly due to the Z mutation (Glu342 GAG [right arrow] Lys AAG) and is associated with early-onset
panlobular emphysema. Reduced AAT levels (~ 10-15 % of normal) result in a compromised "protective screen" of antiprotease activity.