The mechanical behaviour of
pack ice fields is studied by Lepparanta (2005).
Each year ships, provided by Japan, cover about one-tenth of the Southern Ocean, with each survey in the unstrengthened vessels necessarily ending at the edge of the
pack ice around Antarctica.
On the surface, two major types of ice exist, icebergs and
pack ice. Icebergs come from fresh water that is frozen on land in glaciers and then breaks off into the sea.
Days 4-5: We cross 80iN latitude and penetrate the frozen world of the age-long
pack ice, towering volcanic mountains, icebergs and glaciers.
Working their way through the
pack ice, the intention will be to make landfall at Cape Denison.
Plenty has been written about
pack ice and floating, frozen expanses of ice; but few books provide much detail.
The vessel consisted of forty-nine ox hides stitched together and stretched over a wooden frame, yet it was a seaworthy creation capable of withstanding storms and a puncture from
pack ice during its voyage from Brandon Creek in Dingle to Newfoundland.
Subjects include the properties of
pack ice, what occurs when seawater freezes, life that is sustained in and around ice,
pack ice around the world, and threats and potentials to this environment.
Stretching across the ship's heading was a broad belt of seemingly impenetrable
pack ice. Just a half mile beyond, open water could be seen, but the distance may as well have been several miles.
Unlike Antarctica, which is a solid landmass, the Arctic's
pack ice moves in a clockwise direction.
Nansen's idea was to freeze a specially designed vessel into the Arctic
pack ice and drift with the pack toward the Pole.