Migrations of this magnitude could be responsible for moving CWD throughout Nebraska via direct or
indirect transmission (Miller et al.
* Fomites (or vehicles) such as animal bedding that have become contaminated by blood, saliva, urine, feces, vomit, exudates, respiratory secretions, or milk may be a source of
indirect transmission of infectious agents.
Lack of further reassortment implies a change from wild bird--mediated dispersal to intermittent spillover between wild birds and poultry or
indirect transmission among poultry farms via fomites, wind, or other undetermined vectors.
Finally, our study suggests that employees without close contact with elephant L were infected through
indirect transmission of M.
Indirect transmission and environmental persistence of infectious prions will complicate efforts to control CWD and perhaps other animal prion diseases.
Regarding
indirect transmission, sleeping on the same mat (PPR = 2.78, 95% CI 1.15 to 6.70), participating in the ritual handwashing during the funeral ceremony (PPR = 2.25, 95% CI 1.08 to 4.72), and sharing a communal meal during the funeral ceremony (PPR = 2.84, 95% CI 1.35 to 5.98) were significantly associated with disease.
The bank vole social component, in combination with an
indirect transmission route, can explain the rapid spread of infection through a population of increased density.