Immunotoxic effects of other organophosphates have been described (Corsini et al.
Alarmingly, maximal
immunotoxic levels of [AFB.sub.1] and [AFM.sub.1] in feedstuff's and milk occurred in winter followed by autumn, spring, and summer.
Chronic exposure to low concentration of arsenic is
immunotoxic to fish: Role of head kidney macrophages as biomarkers of arsenic toxicity to Ciarias batrachus.
(2007), even small quantities of seeds in the diet of birds were able to cause
immunotoxic effects, including depletion of lymphoid cells on the spleen and bursa of Fabricius.
In published literature it is well documented that As is
immunotoxic (de la Fuente et al.
Aflatoxin Ochratoxin and Zearalenone have gained immense importance due to carcinogenic hepatotoxic hemotoxic
immunotoxic neurotoxic genotoxic and teratogenic biological activities (Mobarak 2007).
Nickel is also identified as haematotoxic
immunotoxic neurotoxic genotoxic and pulmonary tox c and carcinogenic agent.
Silicone breast implants:
immunotoxic and epidemiologic issues.
The ubiquitous distribution of both nicotinic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors together with induction of oxidative stress in various tissues [21] may have genotoxic,
immunotoxic, nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, and cardiotoxic effects [22].
Proliferation and cytokine production are two key functions of immune cells and, as such, are important endpoints to examine during any evaluation of
immunotoxic potential of a given xenobiotic [18-20].
Silbergeld, "Differential
immunotoxic effects of inorganic and organic mercury species in vitro" Toxicology Letters, vol.
Nickel causes skin allergic reaction, aversion in occupationally exposed persons and is haematotoxic,
immunotoxic, reproductive poisonous and carcinogenic mediator (Das et al., 2008).