[4] Another study concluded that a subset of fibromyalgia patients have a dysfunction traceable to the brain's hypothalamic-pituitary axis which manifest as a dysfunction in the production of insulin-like growth factor-1.
[11] EEG studies have shown its ability to regulate faulty sleep patterns, [12] and another study has shown its ability to stimulate the hypothalamic-pituitary axis to increase insulin-like growth factor-1 in older female patients.
Exposure to uncontrollable stress has specific neurochemical and neuroendocrine consequences that include central catecholamine depletion, decreased gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) release, and altered
hypothalamic-pituitary axis function.[6] Such effects are not observed after exposure to identical amounts of controllable stress.
CKs can affect pituitary hormone secretion via the
hypothalamic-pituitary axis or autocrine/paracrine regulation.
Thus, the information obtained from these experimental studies suggests that OP exposure alters brain neurotransmitter levels and that the
hypothalamic-pituitary axis is a direct target for OP toxicity in rodents.
"The best data in the literature suggest that severely low BMIs under 20, or under 18, affect the
hypothalamic-pituitary axis, such that patients have irregular menstrual cycles and, therefore, have an impaired chance of fertility," he told this newspaper.
High FSH levels indicate lack of gonadal function or responsiveness despite a mature
hypothalamic-pituitary axis. The differential diagnoses are gonadal dysgenesis, gonadal failure, and resistant ovary syndrome.
It does, however, require careful evaluation to determine whether the emerging pubertal features reflect a central process driven by hypothalamic and pituitary factors or whether the problem is peripheral, reflecting abnormally elevated sex steroid hormones but no hypothalamic-pituitary axis aberrations.
If the hypothalamic-pituitary axis is "revved"--pubertal--there will be a massive surge in gonadotropin levels following infusion.
Altered reactivity of the
hypothalamic-pituitary axis in the primary fibromyalgia syndrome.
In contrast, changes in sensitivity of the
hypothalamic-pituitary axis to the feedback actions of gonadal steroids mediate steroid-dependent control of LH release.
Key words: gonadotropin-releasing hormone,
hypothalamic-pituitary axis, lead acetate.