For surgical debridement, the patient was premedicated with
butorphanol (1 mg/kg IM) and midazolam (1 mg/kg IM)), and anesthetic induction was performed with 4% sevoflurane administered by face mask.
A comparison of epidural Bupivacaine and
Butorphanol 2 mg versus epidural Bupivacaine and
butorphanol 4 mg for post operative analgesia focusing on Onset and duration of analgesia, Cardio respiratory effects, Adverse effects.
The sedation protocol comprised the drugs acepromazine (0.05mg/kg) and
butorphanol (0.3mg/kg), which were administered intramuscularly, and 15 minutes after this, the SBP, ECG, and ECO were evaluated (M1).
Smith, "Sedative and echocardiographic effects of dexmedetomidine combined with
butorphanol in healthy dogs," Journal of Veterinary Cardiology, vol.
The preferred narcotics to use when breastfeeding are
butorphanol, morphine, or hydromorphone.
Use of dexmedetomidine, tiletamine-zolazepam, and
butorphanol (DTZB) resulted in an anesthetic occurrence of 91% (48/54) in all groups and 100% (36/36) at dexmedetomidine dosages of 0.2 to 0.6 mg/kg and tiletamine-zolazepam 20 to 40 mg/kg.
Butorphanol did not affect blood gas in another study in sheep [14], but potent opioids such as fentanyl can induce transient respiratory depression in this species [15].
Several options of opioids were proposed in their short- or long-acting versions, including codeine with or without acetaminophen, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, meperidine, morphine, oxycodone with or without acetaminophen, tramadol with or without acetaminophen,
butorphanol nasal spray, tapentadol, methadone, buprenorphine transdermal patch, and fentanyl transdermal patch.
The guinea pig underwent emergency surgery upon sedation with an association of
butorphanol 0.7 mg/kg (Dolorex 10 mg/ml, MSD), medetomidine 0.07 mg/kg (Sedator 1,0 mg/ml, ATI), and ketamine 7 mg/kg (Imalgene 1000100 mg/ml, MERIAL) administrated intramuscularly.
(17,18) Nalbuphine and
butorphanol should be avoided during opioid withdrawal because they antagonize opioid receptors and can precipitate withdrawal symptoms.
We immobilized study animals with either a combination of ketamine (5 mg/kg, Ketanil[R], Wildlife Pharmaceuticals Mexico, Mexico; 200 mg/mL) and medetomidine (0.08 mg/kg, Wildlife Pharmaceuticals Inc., Fort Collins, Colorado; 20 mg/mL), antagonized with atipamezole (0.35 mg/kg, Wildlife Pharmaceuticals Inc., 20 mg/mL); or a mix of
butorphanol (0.4 mg/kg, Wildlife Pharmaceuticals Inc., 30 mg/ mL) combined with medetomidine (0.08 mg/kg) and azaperone (0.15 mg/kg, Wildlife Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 mg/mL), antagonized with atipamezole (0.35 mg/kg) and naltrexone (3 mg/mg of
butorphanol used, Trexonil[R], Wildlife Pharmaceuticals Mexico; 50 mg/mL).