Differential diagnosis of wheeze in children <5 years of age* Category Disease entity Congenital upper airway Complete tracheal rings Tracheomalacia Laryngomalacia Vocal cord palsy/paresis Subglottic stenosis/post-intubation/ congenital Congenital lower airway Vascular rings/slings
Bronchomalacia Aspiration Gastroesophageal reflux disease Swallowing inco-ordination Laryngeal cleft Tracheo-oesophageal fistula Bronchiectasis Cystic fibrosis Primary ciliary dyskinesia Persistent bacterial bronchitis Primary immunodeficiency HIV Endobronchial lesions Foreign body Tuberculosis granuloma Malignancies Cardiac Enlarged heart Congenital heart disease (left-to-right shunts) * Adapted from White et al.
mucosal webs), extrinsic compression from vascular anomalies or congenital deficiency of bronchial cartilage and ensuing
bronchomalacia. (13) The obstructed region becomes hyperinflated from collateral drift through check-valve mechanism at the level of the bronchus, with a greater amount of air entering on inspiration than exiting on expiration.
She was also born with
Bronchomalacia - a floppiness of the bronchi - meaning she needs a ventilator to help her breathe on her own because her left lung doesn't work.
He has been diagnosed with a lung condition called
bronchomalacia, which means he will need long-term ventilation support.
He has been diagnosed withcalled
bronchomalacia, which means he will need long-term ventilation support.
Investigations showed
bronchomalacia of left main bronchus.
The most frequent bronchoscopic findings were respectively endobronchial tumors (16 cases), anthracofibrosis (10 cases),
bronchomalacia (4 cases), abnormal mucous (4 cases), and tracheomalacia (1 case).
Bronchoscopy prior to any the surgical procedure tends to be very rewarding, as it permits the confirmation of
bronchomalacia and continues with the planned surgical approach, or in some cases, find an extrinsic mass or endobronchial obstruction, and avoid lobectomy [13].
Transmural inflammation occurs, not only destroying important supportive mural tissues such as smooth muscle and cartilage causing
bronchomalacia, but also resulting in scarring of the wall, leading to both airway thickening and dilatation of the airways up to the periphery of the lung [34] (Figure 6).
Respiratory abnormalities were only detected in 3.8% of cases, with pulmonary hypoplasia, pulmonary hypertension, congenital diaphragmatic hernia and
bronchomalacia being implicated, as found in the literature.