Ferronato, "Efficacy of
botulinum toxin in treating myofascial pain in bruxers: a controlled placebo pilot study," Cranio, vol.
Clostridium
botulinum is a gram-positive, anaerobic bacillus with seven antigenically unique serotypes (A-G).
A
botulinum toxin serotype E in the pipeline for treatment of glabellar lines has a rapid onset of action--within 24 hours--yet a response duration of only 2 to 4 weeks.
This suggests that the antidepressant effects of
botulinum toxin may not depend entirely on its paralytic effects, but also on its impact on the neurotransmitters involved in the pathophysiology of depression.
(13) published a pilot study involving two patients with severe Raynaud's phenomenon who responded excellently to infiltration with
botulinum toxin.
The prolonged excretion of toxin-producing Clostridium
botulinum is consistent with adult intestinal colonization botulism.
(15) The excellent tolerability of
botulinum toxins makes it an effective treatment alternative for patients who fail to tolerate, and therefore discontinue traditional oral prophylactics.
botulinum growth and other pathogens in processed meat products (Table 1).
This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of
botulinum toxin type A injections in the pediatric patients referred to our clinic because of sialorrhea.
How could this
botulinum toxin jump from one bacterial species to another?