(2007), '
Bivalve sclerochronology and geochemistry' by Schone & Surge (2012).
The very low levels of the heavy metals copper and zinc in mussel pallial fluid, however, suggest that they have a less important role as anti-bacterial agents in mussels than in oysters and support the conclusion that antimicrobial factors, in addition to lysozyme and heavy metals, are involved in the immune response of this
bivalve. These results underscore the need to develop a detailed, comparative approach in the study of
bivalve defensive tactics to fully understand the complexity and variety of immune responses that have evolved in these invertebrates.
melanogaster, and shell matrix proteins in
bivalves. Immunodetection was not performed for the aforementioned
bivalve ECM components because specific antibodies were lacking for them, and the
bivalve larvae were small and difficult to cultivate.
Nor would the pattern of over- and underrepresentation of
bivalve species at different collection sites support prey selection by oyster drills or moon snails.
(2010) who studied the biology and ecology of the
bivalve A.
ARS scientists are looking at the impact of
bivalve shellfish aquaculture on the environment.
The
bivalve declines are in contrast to the previous three decades (1950-80), when the combined landings of the same
bivalves were much higher and the trend in each of their annual landings was nearly level, decade by decade.
Bivalve molluscs have been considered as a potential biomonitor for metallic contamination in marine ecosystems [40].
The calcium carbonate crystalline phase in
bivalve shells normally is either aragonite or calcite; vaterite has also been found, but seemingly only in pathological conditions (reviewed in Spann et al., 2010).
A small hand shovel or rake can aid in your pursuit of these tasty
bivalves, but if you don't have either, your hands and feet will work just fine.