Autophagic activity is influenced by multiple factors including nutritional environment and amount of exercise, at least in humans and rodents [30,31].
Aside from the single bout exercise, long-term chronic exercise has also been shown to result in different
autophagic response in skeletal muscle (Tam and Siu, 2014).
(16) In the neonatal rat ovary,
autophagic cell death has been reported as an alternative mechanism for cell death in primordial follicle atresia.
We detected
autophagic flux by Western blotting analysis including the ratio of LC3II/LC3I and LC3II/p62.
LC3 is a cytosolic protein that when conjugated with a phosphatidylethanolamine is recruited to the autophagosome membrane favoring the
autophagic influx (34).
Even though the process of autophagy may improve cell survival under harsh conditions, in many cases, autophagy can induce
autophagic programmed cell death, which is also termed as type II cell death (15,16).
Although atorvastatin has been reported to have some
autophagic effects on different kinds of cancer cell lines, there is no evidence in breast cancer (10,14).
Now, Sederma is reporting on its ability to protect and restore the
autophagic activity of skin cells.
Thus, as previously we reported in one of our patients with Naxos disease, the enhanced automaticity of ectopic foci and/or reentry circuit around the scar tissue was abolished by cytoskeletal disruption mechanism, induced by tubulin destabilization with low-dose colchicines.6 Additionally interesting, colchicine also upregulates other proteins involved in the
autophagic clearance of misfolded proteins such as the master regulator Transcription Factor EB (TFEB).
They cover enteroviruses future, Enterovirus receptors and entry, hijacking host functions for translation and RNA replication by enteroviruses, the omics of rhinoviruses, viral population dynamics and sequence space, Enterovirus control of cytoplasmic RNA granules, the
autophagic pathway and Enterovirus infection, and the lipid blueprints of replicating viral genomes.