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Associative ConditioningRepeated exposure and
associative conditioning promote preschool children's liking of vegetables.
A second issue raised by the current data relates to the fact that researchers have typically emphasized
associative conditioning procedures as the method of choice for establishing new implicit attitudes toward known (Olson & Fazio, 2006) or fictitious (Gregg et al., 2006) social groups, individuals (Rydell, McConnell, Mackie, & Strain, 2006; Whitfield & Jordan, 2009), and nonsense words (Mitchell, Anderson, & Lovibond, 2003).
There is also accumulating evidence that
associative conditioning experiences are not always sufficient or necessary in establishing persistent fear to a wide range of objects and situations (e.g., Davey, 1992, 1997; King et al., 1997; Menzies & Clarke, 1993a; Merckelbach, Muris, & Schouten, 1996).
The percent of change in animal length (CR) was used as the measure of
associative conditioning. Behavioral measures were tested for significance using nested analysis of variance (ANOVA), and paired Student t test comparisons (n values consisted of means of length changes/measure/CS-test replicate/animal/treatment).
Feinberg (1990), for example, proposed that the credit card effect reflects
associative conditioning and is therefore likely to be influenced by broader social, economic, and historical contexts.
Modulation of presynaptic action potential kinetics underlies synaptic facilitation of type B photoreceptors after
associative conditioning in Hermissenda.
The induction of specific mRNA observed after 3 days of
associative conditioning in Hermissenda (Nelson and Alkon, 1990) raises the possibility that modification of biochemical, morphologic, and genetic expression is involved in the formation and stabilization of LTM.
Memory generated by an
associative conditioning regime can be weakened by testing with the conditioned stimulus (CS) alone and must be reconsolidated to remain fixed.
These data showed that the intensity of immunostaining for calexcitin (i.e., intracellular concentration) was higher in trained animals that expressed positive
associative conditioning (where long-term memory had been established).
Conditioning events consisted of exposing the animals to 6 s of bright, white light (CS) explicitly paired with 4 s of strong orbital agitation (US) following a 2-s onset delay with an inter-trial interval of 1 min, Recall of the behavioral modification induced by
associative conditioning was assessed by recording the animal's change in foot length when presented with 6 s of light alone.
In all three experiments reported here, lead significantly reduced the ability of Hermissenda to undergo
associative conditioning (Fig.