The parameter [theta] is the average direction towards the magnetic gradient and [theta] characterizes the effect of directional disturbance due to other gradients such as chemotaxis and
aerotaxis as well as random microvasculature structures.
- Aerogal, incorporated in Ecuador, and the TACA Group companies: TACA International Airlines S.A., incorporated in El Salvador, Lineas Aereas Costarricenses S.A., LACSA, incorporated in Costa Rica, Trans American Airlines S.A., incorporated in Peru, Servicios Aereos Nacionales S.A., SANSA, incorporated in Costa Rica,
Aerotaxis La Costena S.A., incorporated in Nicaragua, Islena de Inversiones S.A.
Avianca Holdings comprises the airlines: Aerovias del Continente Americano S,A, Avianca (Avianca), Tampa Cargo SA, incorporated in Colombia, Aerolineas Galapagos SA Aerogal, incorporated in Ecuador, and the TACA Group companies: TACA International Airlines SA, incorporated in El Salvador, Lineas Aereas Costarricenses SA, LACSA, incorporated in Costa Rica, Transamerican Airlines SA TACA Peru, incorporated in Peru, Servicios Aereos Nacionales SA, SANSA, incorporated in Costa Rica,
Aerotaxis La Costena SA, incorporated in Nicaragua and Islena de Inversiones SA de CV ISLENA, incorporated in Honduras.
Avianca (Avianca), Tampa Cargo SA, incorporated in Colombia, Aerolineas Galapagos SA Aerogal, incorporated in Ecuador, and the TACA Group companies TACA International Airlines SA, incorporated in El Salvador, Lineas Aereas Costarricenses SA, LACSA, incorporated in Costa Rica, Transamerican Airlines SA TACA Peru, incorporated in Peru, Servicios Aereos Nacionales SA, SANSA, incorporated in Costa Rica,
Aerotaxis La Costena SA, incorporated in Nicaragua and Islena de Inversiones SA de CV ISLENA, incorporated in Honduras.