However, the analysed populations had significant
sexual dimorphism in body shape--including mean head width, trunk length and tail length (Table 1, P < 0.001)--combined with geographical variation; however, there was no interaction between these two factors (MANCOVA: geographical area, [F.sub.1,51] = 0.689, P = 0.038; sex, [F.sub.151] = 0.076, P < 0.001; interaction, [F.sub.151] = 0.743, P = 0.127).
In the present study,
sexual dimorphism was also found, with larger values for males regarding both the vertical diameter (DFH--craniocaudal axis: 45.10 [+ or -] 0.35 mm, p < 0.0001) and transverse diameter (DFH--sagittal axis: 48.27 [+ or -] 0.35 mm, p < 0.0001).
The
sexual dimorphism in peripheral auditory sensitivity, and the spectral structures of male vocalizations matched both male and female hearing sensitivity.
Sexual dimorphism in both number and amount of cuticular chemical compounds was expressed, as in many other Drosophila species (Ferveur, 2005; Ferveur and Cobb, 2010; Pavkovic-Lucic et al., 2016).
The
sexual dimorphism in this study and differences with other populations infer that soft tissue cephalometric norms for both horizontal lip position and nasal profile should be used as baseline data only for this population.
Thus, all the variables being statistically significant between the sexes clearly reflects the existence of definite
sexual dimorphism between the sexes and that it is also influenced by food habits and ethnicity.
These results support the finding that
sexual dimorphism does exist and showed statistically significant differences between the sexes.
Considerable evidence has accumulated for a decline in
sexual dimorphism in femoral and tibial midshaft shape and rigidity from foraging societies to sedentary agriculturalists to modern industrial societies (Macintosh et al.
Specifically, we evaluate the following predictions: 1) males are larger than females in multiple skull features; and 2) sexual size variation in eastern North America follows a pattern of geographically uniform
sexual dimorphism as reported for the species in western North America by Kennedy et al.
Sexual dimorphism in accipiter hawks: a new hypothesis.