Gemmules 591-957 (749 [+ or -] 84) pin in diameter.
Spongillidae gemmules have a complex design with gemmuloscleres arranged tangentially to radially to create an armor-like coating which protects totipotent cells.
The authors credit the abundance of sponges and corresponding
gemmules to a seasonal remobilisation of silica fixed by the sponges and macrophytic vegetation of the previous season.
If pangenesis operated properly and the gemmules were transferred, he predicted that the offspring from those rabbits would not breed true.
This is also a wonderful example of what Karl Popper (1963) called "conjecture and refutation," an intellectual process whereby ideas related to the underlying principle (in this case the gemmules of pangenesis) are proposed and then subjected to experiment in an attempt to reject them.
Hatching of freshwater sponge
gemmules after low temperature exposure: Ephydatia mulleri (Porifera: Spongillidae).
navicella found in the stomach contents of the fish Hipostomus regania (armored catfish) and Megalancystrus aculetatus (pineapple catfish) also originated from the region at the head of the lake and consisted of pieces of skeleton with gemmules, indicating detachment from firm crusts settled on rocky substrates.
This species is also noteworthy because it presented rare specimens with gemmules. These specimens were then used as paradigms, in terms of color, constitution of the skeleton and shape of the megascleres, when determining the others that presented the same characteristics.
We employed microcalorimetry (Gnaiger, 1983a; Hand and Gnaiger, 1988) to assess overall energy flow in diapausing and post-diapause gemmules. Oxygen consumption was measured both simultaneously and independently of the calorimetric measurements.
Diapausing gemmules were collected from Stony Brook in South Hadley, Massachusetts, in late September of 1993 and maintained at 4 [degrees] C until early October when calorimetry was performed (storage for 2 weeks at 4 [degrees] C is insufficient time to break diapause).
The most interesting aspect of pangenesis (as shown in Figure 1) is that if some environmental stimulus caused a change in a body part, either by injury or by use and/or disuse, the "new"
gemmules produced by that part would be different from those that would originally have developed there.
The physiological state of the
gemmules from Eunapius changes with time and can be divided into three distinct stages: (1) diapause, (2) quiescence, and (3) germination (Fell, 1987).