Previously studies demonstrated that
gallic acid significantly increased intracellular [H.sub.2][O.sub.2] production, caused accumulation of ROS and resulted mitochondrial dysfunction, thus induced mice spermatogonia (GC-1), spermatocytes (GC-2), and TM3 Leydig cells apoptosis [12,30].
This pertains in particular to p-hydroxybenzoic and
gallic acids, as well as ferulic, sinapic and p-coumaric acids, which are predominant in asparagus.
Ameliorative Effect of
Gallic Acid on Cyclophosphamide-Induced Oxidative Injury and Hepatic Dysfunction in Rats.
For most of the components, these RSD values for intra-day studies were lower than 1%, which shows that the method was very precise in intra-day studies, with the exception of
gallic acid. When RSD values for inter-day studies were investigated, it was seen that RSD values for
gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, and epigallocatechin were out of the limits.
HPLC fingerprinting of extracts revealed the presence ofthe
gallic acid ([t.sub.R] =11.67 min; peak 1), chlorogenic acid ([t.sub.R] = 21.45 min; peak 2), caffeic acid ([t.sub.R] = 24.08 min; peak 3), coumarin ([t.sub.R] = 30.21; peak 4), rutin ([t.sub.R] = 38.19 min; peak 5), quercitrin ([t.sub.R] = 46.57 min; peak 6), quercetin ([t.sub.R] = 49.97 min; peak 7) and kaempferol ([t.sub.R] = 52.11 min; peak 8) (Fig.
The stock standard solutions of
gallic acid, bergenin, quercitrin, and embelin (1.0 mg [mL.sup.-1]) were made by dissolving appropriate amounts of these compounds in methanol.
The identification was carried out at 280 nm for phenolic acids and at 365 nm for flavonoids using
gallic acid, epicatechin, coumaric acid, apigenin, and naringenin as standard phenolic acids and rutin, quercetin, and kaempferol as standard flavonoids and based on comparison with retention times and coinjection.
(a) epicatechin; (b) catechin; (c) dihydroquercetin; (d) naringenin; (e) apigenin; (f)
gallic acid; (g) p-hydroxybenzoic acid; (h) protocatechuic acid; and (i) vanillic acid.
TPC was expressed as mg of
gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per g of DE.
All the other chemicals required for antioxidant studies were purchased from HiMedia, Merck, and
gallic acid was procured from Sigma.
The
gallic acid solution was made in various concentrations, i.e.