[149], a combination of small molecules A-8301 (inhibitor of TGF-beta), thiazovivin (ROCK inhibitor), purmorphamine (SHH agonist), and valproic acid (VPA: inhibitor of histone deacetylase (HDAC)) was chosen, resulting in the production of NSC positive for Sox2, Pax6, PLZF,
Dach1, Fam70a, Nr2f1, and Zic1 from murine fibroblasts, which were then differentiated into functional neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes positive for Tuj1, GFAP, and Olig2, respectively.