In California, the Supreme Court reversed an intermediate appellate court to hold that principles of informed consent do not require doctors to disclose life-expectancy projections to a patient suffering from a particularly virulent form of cancer (
Arato v. Avedon, 30 September 1993; see Alex Capron, "Duty, Truth, and Whole Human Beings," HCR July-August 1993, discussing the intermediate appellate court decision).