S1,
heart sounds
the first heart sound in the cardiac cycle, occurring at the outset of ventricular systole. It is associated with closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves and is synchronous with the apical pulse. Auscultated at the apex, it is longer, and lower than the second sound (S2), which follows it. The sound of the mitral valve is loudest at the apex of the heart, and that of the tricuspid valve is loudest at the left sternal border in the fourth intercostal space. See also lubb.
heart sounds
the sounds heard on the surface of the chest in the heart region; they are amplified by and heard more distinctly through a stethoscope. They are caused by the vibrations generated during the normal cardiac cycle and may be produced by muscular action, valvular actions, motion of the heart, or blood passing through the heart.
The first heart sound (S1) is heard as a firm but dull “lubb” sound. It consists of four components: a low-frequency, indistinct vibration caused by ventricular contraction; a louder sound of higher frequency caused by closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves; a vibration caused by opening of the semilunar valves and early ejection of blood from the ventricles; and a low-pitched vibration produced by rapid ejection.
The second heart sound (S2) is shorter and higher pitched than the first, is heard as a “dupp” and is produced by closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves.
The third heart sound (S3) is very faint and is caused by blood rushing into the ventricles. It can be heard in most normal persons between the ages of 10 and 20 years.
The fourth heart sound (S4) is rarely audible in a normal heart but can be demonstrated on graphic records. It is short and of low frequency and intensity, and is caused by atrial contraction. The vibrations arise from atrial muscle and from blood flow into, and distention of, the ventricles.
The first heart sound (S1) is heard as a firm but dull “lubb” sound. It consists of four components: a low-frequency, indistinct vibration caused by ventricular contraction; a louder sound of higher frequency caused by closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves; a vibration caused by opening of the semilunar valves and early ejection of blood from the ventricles; and a low-pitched vibration produced by rapid ejection.
The second heart sound (S2) is shorter and higher pitched than the first, is heard as a “dupp” and is produced by closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves.
The third heart sound (S3) is very faint and is caused by blood rushing into the ventricles. It can be heard in most normal persons between the ages of 10 and 20 years.
The fourth heart sound (S4) is rarely audible in a normal heart but can be demonstrated on graphic records. It is short and of low frequency and intensity, and is caused by atrial contraction. The vibrations arise from atrial muscle and from blood flow into, and distention of, the ventricles.
Abnormalities in Heart Sounds. Decreased compliance of a ventricle is characterized by a gallop or triple rhythm. Accentuation of the third heart sound (protodiastolic or ventricular gallop) is caused by the filling of a poorly compliant ventricle with blood under high venous pressure. A presystolic or atrial gallop is an accentuated fourth heart sound and is also caused by blood filling a poorly compliant ventricle. Merging of the third and fourth heart sounds is called a mesodiastolic or summation gallop. A very rare abnormality in which four heart sounds are heard distinctly is called a “locomotive” rhythm.
Heart Murmurs are sounds other than the normal heart sounds emanating from the heart region. They are often heard as blowing or hissing sounds as blood leaks back through diseased and malfunctioning valves or as blood is pushed through narrowed or stenotic valve orifices.
Heart Murmurs are sounds other than the normal heart sounds emanating from the heart region. They are often heard as blowing or hissing sounds as blood leaks back through diseased and malfunctioning valves or as blood is pushed through narrowed or stenotic valve orifices.
Precordial locations for cardiac palpation and auscultation of heart sounds. Closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves produces the S1 heart sound; closure of the pulmonic and aortic (semilunar) valves produces the S2 sound. From Polaski and Tatro, 1996.
Patient discussion about S 1.
Q. Hello to all the diabetic people here. Anybody can recommend a good diabetes blog that I can learn from? I can't seem to find a good blog for Diabetes.
A. which kind of diabetes do you have? do you need insulin (diabetes I) or do you have to much sugar in your blood because you eat too much artificial sweeteners (diabetes II). for diabetes II i have with me a report about the causes and what you can do to cure yourself with the help of doctors or therapists.
Q. So now it’s for life? Just like that, out of the blue my doctor told me a few months ago that I apparently I have diabetes (although I’m already 37), and that I’ll need to inject insulin to control my blood sugar. Moreover, I’ll have to restrict my diet and plan everything I put inside my mouth ahead. So far I manage with it, but it interfere with my life so much I don’t how long I can keep this way- it’s like I lost the possibility to be spontaneous in my llife. How do you cope with it?
A. It is not at all easy to get used a completely different lifestyle, having to plan everything you eat, etc. However, try and remind yourself every day how important keeping the sugar levels balanced is for your health. Diabetes is very common and you can find many websites, magazines and support groups that may help you cope. You should definately consult your doctor as well as your family, regarding your feelings and possible fears.
Q. 1?, simple explanation to know if I might be diabetic.Unlike most of these bloggers, I'm seeking help--no ins
A. First, it depends on your age: children and teen are more likely to develop type 1 diabetes, which may cause them to be thin, and usually present as emergency situation called DKA, including vomiting, urinating allot and other disturbances. Adult, obese people are more likely to suffer from type 2 diabetes, which may initially begin as urinating large volume and drinking large amounts of fluids to compensate.
However, diabetes is usually a silent disease, and the best way to diagnose or to rule out diabetes is by measuring the level of sugar in the blood after 8 hours fasting.
You may read more here:
www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabetes.html
Read more or ask a question about S 1However, diabetes is usually a silent disease, and the best way to diagnose or to rule out diabetes is by measuring the level of sugar in the blood after 8 hours fasting.
You may read more here:
www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/diabetes.html
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