respiratory system (redirected from Respatory system)

system /sys·tem/ (sis´tim)

1. a set or series of interconnected or interdependent parts or entities (objects, organs, or organisms) that act together in a common purpose or produce results impossible by action of one alone.

2. a school or method of practice based on a specific set of principles.

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alimentary system  digestive s.

auditory system  the series of structures by which sounds are received from the environment and conveyed as signals to the central nervous system; it consists of the outer, middle, and inner ear and the tracts in the auditory pathways.

autonomic nervous system  the portion of the nervous system concerned with regulation of activity of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands, usually restricted to the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

Bethesda System  a classification of cervical and vaginal cytology used in cytopathologic diagnosis.

cardiovascular system  the heart and blood vessels, by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body.

CD system  [c luster d esignation] a system for classifying cell surface markers expressed by lymphocytes based on a computer analysis grouping similar monoclonal antibodies raised against human leukocyte antigens.

centimeter-gram-second system  (CGS) (cgs) a system of measurements in which the units are based on the centimeter as the unit of length, the gram as the unit of mass, and the second as the unit of time.

central nervous system  (CNS) the brain and spinal cord.

centrencephalic system  the neurons in the central core of the brain stem from the thalamus to the medulla oblongata, connecting the two hemispheres.

chromaffin system  the chromaffin cells of the body considered collectively.

circulatory system  channels through which nutrient fluids of the body flow; often restricted to the vessels conveying blood.

colloid system , colloidal system see colloid (2).

conduction system of heart  a system of specialized muscle fibers that generate and transmit cardiac impulses and coordinate contractions, comprising the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes, bundle of His and its bundle branches, and subendocardial branches of Purkinje fibers.

digestive system  the organs concerned with ingestion, digestion, and absorption of food or nutritional elements.

endocrine system  the glands and other structures that elaborate and secrete hormones that are released directly into the circulatory system, influencing metabolism and other body processes; included are the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands, pineal body, gonads, pancreas, and paraganglia.

enteric nervous system  the enteric plexus, sometimes considered separately from the autonomic nervous system because it has independent local reflex activity.

extrapyramidal system  a functional, rather than anatomical, unit comprising the nuclei and fibers (excluding those of the pyramidal tract) involved in motor activities; they control and coordinate especially the postural, static, supporting, and locomotor mechanisms. It includes the corpus striatum, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra, and red nucleus, along with their interconnections with the reticular formation, cerebellum, and cerebrum.

genitourinary system  urogenital s.

haversian system  a haversian canal and its concentrically arranged lamellae, constituting the basic unit of structure in compact bone (osteon).

heterogeneous system  a system or structure made up of mechanically separable parts, as an emulsion or a suspension.

His-Purkinje system  a portion of the conducting system of the heart, usually referring specifically to the segment beginning with the bundle of His and ending at the terminus of the Purkinje fiber network within the ventricles.

homogeneous system  a system or structure made up of parts which cannot be mechanically separated, as a solution.

hypophysioportal system , hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system the venules connecting the capillaries (gomitoli) in the median eminence of the hypothalamus with the sinusoidal capillaries of the adenohypophysis.

immune system  a complex system of cellular and molecular components having the primary functions of distinguishing self from not self and of defense against foreign organisms or substances.

International System of Units  see SI unit, under unit.

keratinizing system  the cells composing the bulk of the epithelium of the epidermis, which are of ectodermal origin and undergo keratinization and form the dead superficial layers of the skin.

limbic system  a group of brain structures (including the hippocampus, gyrus fornicatus, and amygdala) common to all mammals; it is associated with olfaction, autonomic functions, and certain aspects of emotion and behavior.

locomotor system  the structures in a living organism responsible for locomotion, in humans consisting of the muscles, joints, and ligaments of the lower limbs as well as the arteries and nerves that supply them.

lymphatic system  the lymphatic vessels and lymphoid tissue, considered collectively.

lymphoid system  the lymphoid tissue of the body, collectively; it consists of (a) a central component, including the bone marrow, thymus, and an unidentified portion called bursal equivalent tissue; and (b) a peripheral component consisting of lymph nodes, spleen, and gut-associated lymphoid tissue (tonsils, Peyer's patches).

lymphoreticular system  the tissues of the lymphoid and reticuloendothelial systems considered together as one system.

masticatory system  the bony and soft structures of the face and mouth involved in mastication, and the vessels and nerves supplying them.

metric system  a decimal system of weights and measures based on the meter.

mononuclear phagocyte system  (MPS) the set of cells consisting of macrophages and their precursors (blood monocytes and their precursor cells in bone marrow). The term has been proposed to replace reticuloendothelial system, which does not include all macrophages and does include other unrelated cell types.

muscular system  the muscles of the body considered collectively; generally restricted to the voluntary, skeletal muscles.

nervous system  the organ system which, along with the endocrine system, correlates the adjustments and reactions of the organism to its internal and external environment, comprising the central and peripheral nervous systems.

parasympathetic nervous system  the craniosacral portion of the autonomic nervous system, its preganglionic fibers traveling with cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X, and XI, and with the second to fourth sacral ventral roots; it innervates the heart, smooth muscle and glands of the head and neck, and thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic viscera.

peripheral nervous system  all elements of the nervous system (nerves and ganglia) outside the brain and spinal cord.

portal system  an arrangement by which blood collected from one set of capillaries passes through a large vessel or vessels and another set of capillaries before returning to the systemic circulation, as in the pituitary gland and liver.

Purkinje system  a portion of the conducting system of the heart, usually referring specifically to the Purkinje network.

respiratory system  respiratory tract; the tubular and cavernous organs that allow atmospheric air to reach the membranes across which gases are exchanged with the blood.

reticular activating system  the system of cells of the reticular formation of the medulla oblongata that receive collaterals from the ascending sensory pathways and project to higher centers; they control the overall degree of central nervous system activity, including wakefulness, attentiveness, and sleep; abbreviated RAS.

reticuloendothelial system  (RES) a group of cells having the ability to take up and sequester inert particles and vital dyes, including macrophages and macrophage precursors, specialized endothelial cells lining the sinusoids of the liver, spleen, and bone marrow, and reticular cells of lymphatic tissue (macrophages) and bone marrow (fibroblasts). See also mononuclear phagocyte s.

SI system  see under unit.

stomatognathic system  structures of the mouth and jaws, considered collectively, as they subserve the functions of mastication, deglutition, respiration, and speech.

sympathetic nervous system  (SNS) the thoracolumbar part of the autonomic nervous system, the preganglionic fibers of which arise from cell bodies in the thoracic and first three lumbar segments of the spinal cord; postganglionic fibers are distributed to the heart, smooth muscle, and glands of the entire body.

urinary system  the organs and passageways concerned with the production and excretion of urine, including the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

urogenital system  the urinary system considered together with the organs of reproduction.

vascular system  circulatory s.

visual system  the series of structures by which visual sensations are received from the environment and conveyed as signals to the central nervous system; it consists of the photoreceptors in the retina and the afferent fibers in the optic nerve, chiasm, and tract.

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respiratory system

n.

The integrated system of organs involved in the intake and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment and including the nasal passages, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, and lungs.

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respiratory system.

See respiratory tract.

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respiratory

pertaining to respiration. See also pulmonary.

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acute respiratory disease of turkeys

see turkey coryza.

acute respiratory distress syndrome

a noncardiogenic pulmonary edema characterized by disruption of pulmonary capillary endothelium and accumulation of high-protein edema fluid in the lungs. See also shock lung, atypical interstitial pneumonia, neonatal maladjustment syndrome.

respiratory arrest

sudden complete cessation of respiratory movement.

respiratory burst of neutrophils

the series of biochemical reactions that take place within a neutrophil when a particle is phagocytosed. Important in the host defense mechanisms.

respiratory centers

see respiratory centers.

chronic respiratory disease

see chronic respiratory disease.

respiratory cilia

see cilia.

respiratory clearance

clearance of inhaled particles from the respiratory system by absorption of finally solubilized material through the respiratory epithelium, passage through the alveolar epithelium at special sites near the alveolar ducts, or to the exterior by a flow of alveolar fluid to the bronchi, a moving sheet of mucus into the bronchioles, up the bronchioles, bronchi and trachea with the assistance of repiratory cilia to the pharynx.

respiratory control

quantitative relationship between oxidative phosphorylation and electron transfer. Traditionally presented as a P/O ratio indicating the number of ATP molecules synthesized per atom of oxygen consumed.

respiratory control ratio

ratio of oxygen uptake in the presence of ADP to that in the absence of ADP. Used as an index of the functional integrity of prepared mitochondria since it is above 10 in good preparation and unity in aged or damaged mitochondria.

respiratory cycle

the cycle of inspiration, expiration, pause of the normal resting cycle depends on sensors in the respiratory system which provide stimuli to initiate the next part of the cycle.

respiratory dead space

see dead space (2).

respiratory depression

the rate and/or depth of respiration are insufficient to maintain adequate gas exchange in the lungs; a subjective judgment tending to be superseded, at least during anesthesia, by instrumentation. See respiration monitors.

respiratory depth

amplitude of each respiratory movement.

respiratory difficulty

see dyspnea.

respiratory disease pattern

may be aerogenous when the pathogen is inhaled or hematogenous when the pathogen is delivered to the lungs in the blood supply.

respiratory distress syndrome of newborn (RDS)

see hyaline membrane disease.

respiratory exchange ratio

the carbon dioxide output divided by the oxygen uptake; see also respiratory quotient (below).

respiratory failure

a life-threatening condition in which respiratory function is inadequate to maintain the body's need for oxygen supply and carbon dioxide removal while at rest; called also acute ventilatory failure. The type of failure varies with the CO₂ content of the blood and may be asphyxial, when there is gasping, dyspneic when there is dyspnea, paralytic when the respiratory movements gradually fade away, tachypneic when the movements are fast and shallow.

respiratory grunting

grunting at the peak of each inspiration, or on percussion of the chest wall; indicates pain in the pleura.

respiratory insufficiency

a condition in which respiratory function is inadequate to meet the body's needs when increased physical activity places extra demands on it. Insufficiency occurs as a result of progressive degenerative changes in the alveolar structure and the capillary tissues in the pulmonary bed.

respiratory noises

includes sneezing, snorting, stridor, stertor (snoring), wheezing, roaring, grunting.

respiratory paralysis

see respiratory failure (above).

respiratory quotient (RQ)

the ratio of the volume of expired carbon dioxide to the volume of oxygen absorbed by the lungs per unit of time. Called also respiratory exchange ratio (above).

respiratory rate

the number of respirations per minute. Normal rates per minute are: horses 8 to 10; cattle 10 to 30; sheep and pigs 10 to 20; goats 25 to 35; dogs 10 to 30; cats 20 to 30.

respiratory rhythm

normally consists of three phase cycles of inspiration, expiration, pause; prolongation of inspiration suggests obstruction of the upper respiratory tract, prolongation of expiration, or a double respiratory effort suggests loss of recoil elasticity of the lungs. See also biot's respirations, cheyne-stokes respiration.

respiratory secretion

includes samples collected by nasal swab, nasopharyngeal swab, percutaneous tracheobronchial lavage and fiberoptic endoscopic sampling. Assessment is by laboratory examination for cellular content, bacteria, viruses, helminth parasites, fungi.

respiratory system

the group of specialized organs whose specific function is to provide for the transfer of oxygen from the air to the blood and of waste carbon dioxide from the blood to the air. These functions are performed by the tubular and cavernous organs which allow atmospheric air to reach the membranes across which gases are exchanged with the blood. The system includes the organs of the respiratory tract (below) plus the respiratory centers in the medulla. The supportive roles of the nervous system, the muscular, cardiovascular and hemopoietic systems are also essential.

respiratory tract

the organs of the tract include the upper respiratory tract of the nasal cavities, the pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi, and the lower respiratory tract comprising the bronchioles and alveoli of the lungs.

respiratory viruses

see Table 8.2.