renal failure

failure /fail·ure/ (fāl´yer) inability to perform or to function properly.

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acute congestive heart failure  rapidly occurring cardiac output deficiency marked by venocapillary congestion, hypertension, and edema.

backward heart failure  a concept of heart failure emphasizing the causative contribution of passive engorgement of the systemic venous system, as a result of dysfunction in a ventricle and subsequent pressure increase behind it.

bone marrow failure  failure of the hematopoietic function of the bone marrow.

congestive heart failure  (CHF) that characterized by breathlessness and abnormal sodium and water retention, resulting in edema, with congestion of the lungs or peripheral circulation, or both.

diastolic heart failure  heart failure due to a defect in ventricular filling caused by an abnormality in diastolic function.

forward heart failure  a concept of heart failure that emphasizes the inadequacy of cardiac output relative to body needs and considers venous distention as secondary.

heart failure  inability of the heart to pump blood at a rate adequate to fill tissue metabolic requirements or the ability to do so only at an elevated filling pressure; defined clinically as a syndrome of ventricular dysfunction with reduced exercise capacity and other characteristic hemodynamic, renal, neural, and hormonal responses.

high-output heart failure  that in which cardiac output remains high; associated with hyperthyroidism, anemia, arteriovenous fistulas, beriberi, osteitis deformans, or sepsis.

kidney failure  renal f.

left-sided heart failure , left ventricular failure failure of adequate output by the left ventricle, marked by pulmonary congestion and edema.

low-output heart failure  that in which cardiac output is decreased, as in most forms of heart disease, leading to manifestations of impaired peripheral circulation and vasoconstriction.

premature ovarian failure  premature menopause.

renal failure  inability of the kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under normal loading, or inability to retain electrolytes when intake is normal; in the acute form, marked by uremia and usually by oliguria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema.

right-sided heart failure , right ventricular failure failure of adequate output by the right ventricle, marked by venous engorgement, hepatic enlargement, and pitting edema.

systolic heart failure  heart failure due to a defect in the expulsion of blood that is caused by an abnormality in systolic function.

failure to thrive  physical and developmental retardation in infants and small children, sometimes from physical illness and sometimes from psychosocial effects such as maternal deprivation.

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renal failure

n.

Acute or chronic malfunction of the kidneys resulting from any of a number of causes, including infection, trauma, toxins, hemodynamic abnormalities, and autoimmune disease, and often resulting in systemic symptoms, especially edema, hypertension, metabolic acidosis, and uremia.

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Renal failure

Disorder characterized by the kidney's inability to filter wastes from the blood. It may be acute (occuring suddenly and usually reversable) or chronic (developing slowly over time as a result of permanent damage).

Mentioned in: Nephrotoxic Injury

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renal failure,

inability of the kidneys to excrete wastes, concentrate urine, and conserve electrolytes. The condition may be acute or chronic. Acute renal failure is characterized by oliguria and the rapid accumulation of nitrogenous wastes in the blood (azotemia). It results from hemorrhage, trauma, burn, toxic injury to the kidney, acute pyelonephritis or glomerulonephritis, or lower urinary tract obstruction. Many forms of acute renal failure are reversible after the underlying cause has been identified. Acute renal failure may have three typical phases: prodromal, oliguric, and postoliguric. Treatment includes restricted intake of fluids and of all substances that require excretion by the kidney. Antibiotics and diuretics are also used. Chronic renal failure may result from many other diseases. The early signs include sluggishness, fatigue, and mental dullness. Later, anuria, convulsions, GI bleeding, malnutrition, and various neuropathies may occur. The skin may turn yellow-brown. Congestive heart failure and hypertension are frequent complications, the results of hypervolemia. Urinalysis reveals greater than normal amounts of urea and creatinine, waxy casts, and a constant volume of urine regardless of variations in water intake. Anemia frequently occurs. The prognosis depends on the underlying cause. Treatment usually includes restricted water and protein intake and the use of diuretics. When medical measures have been exhausted, long-term hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis is often begun, and kidney transplantation is considered. See also acute tubular necrosis.

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renal

pertaining to the kidney. See also kidney.

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renal abscess

results from infected emboli and infarcts. Usually without localizing signs unless they are very large and palpable, or when they extend into the renal pelvis and cause pyelonephritis.

renal adenoma

rare, incidental necropsy finding.

renal agenesis

failure of the renal tissue to develop; unilateral agenesis causes compensatory hypertrophy in the single kidney; bilateral is fatal. Commonly accompanies genital tract malformation.

renal artery

see Table 9.

avian renal hemorrhage

sporadic unexplained disease of turkeys; sudden death is common.

renal biopsy

is conducted usually with a biopsy needle introduced percutaneously through the flank. In food animals it is possible to fix the left kidney via a rectal manipulation, but the right kidney can be impossible to reach.

renal calculus

see urolithiasis.

renal capsular cyst

see feline perirenal cysts.

renal carcinoma

commonest in old male dogs. They are very large, spread locally and metastasize widely.

renal casts

see urinary cast.

renal clearance tests

laboratory tests that determine the ability of the kidney to remove certain substances from the blood. See also phenolsulfonphthalein clearance test, inulin clearance.

renal cortical fissures

external fissures created by the lobar structure of the large ruminant kidney.

renal cortical hypoplasia

see renal dysplasia (below).

renal cortical necrosis

results from patchy or complete renal ischemia and is part of the terminal state of many diseases, e.g. severe metritis, grain overload in cattle, azoturia in horses.

renal countercurrent system

see countercurrent.

renal cyst

incidental necropsy finding except for polycystic kidney disease. See also feline perirenal cysts.

renal cystadenoma

inherited as an autosomal dominant trait in middle-aged German shepherd bitches with generalized nodular dermatofibrosis.

renal diabetes insipidus

see nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

renal dialysis

the application of the principles of dialysis for treatment of renal failure (below). See also hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.

renal diverticuli

diverticuli of the renal pelvis.

renal dysfunction

reduced capacity to excrete metabolic products which accumulate systemically and are detectable clinicopathologically by renal function tests. The early stage of uremia.

renal dysplasia

small, misshapen kidneys at birth. May be caused by intrauterine infection of the fetus by virus, but numerous inherited renal dysplasias occur in dogs. They occur in several breeds and are manifested by signs of chronic renal insufficiency, e.g. polyuria, polydypsia, poor growth and weight gain, pale mucous membranes, and renal secondary osteodystrophia fibrosa, from an early age.

renal ectopia

see pelvic kidney, horseshoe kidney.

renal erythropoietic factor

erythropoietin.

renal failure

inability of the kidney to maintain normal function. Impairment of kidney function affects most of the body's systems because of its important role in maintaining fluid balance, regulating the electrochemical composition of body fluids, providing constant protection against acid-base imbalance, and controlling blood pressure. See also kidney.

renal function tests

include blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine estimations, tests of concentrating ability, tests of ability to excrete test substances, e.g. phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) clearance test. Of the urine tests, only specific gravity (SG) has any significance in terms of a function test but abnormalities of urine should lead to a function test being conducted.

renal hilus

a fissure on the medial border of the kidney through which arteries, veins and ureter enter.

renal hypophosphatemic rickets

inherited as an X-linked dominant trait in children and mice; characterized by hypophosphatemia and normocalcemia due to failure of phosphate resorption in renal tubules, and skeletal deformities. Called also vitamin-resistant rickets.

renal infarct

results from embolic or thrombotic occlusion of renal arteries or branches. Clinical signs are those of renal colic initially followed by toxemia if the infarct is infected.

renal insufficiency

see renal dysfunction (above).

renal ischemia

a significant cause of renal dysfunction and cortical and medullary necrosis. Is usually part of a general state of shock, dehydration and severe toxemia.

renal lobe

a large mass of a kidney, comprising the tissue contributing to each pyramid; kidneys may be unilobar (unipyramidal), e.g. cats, dogs, small ruminants, horses, or multilobar (multipyramidal), e.g. cattle, pigs.

renal lobule

small masses of kidney tissue comprising a medullary ray and its associated nephrons.

renal medullary necrosis

necrosis of the renal medulla due to restriction of blood flow in medullary vessels, usually due to venous occlusion.

renal medullary washout

see medullary solute washout.

renal mineralization

see nephrocalcinosis.

renal osteodystrophy, renal osteitis fibrosa, renal osteitis fibrosa cystica

see renal secondary hyperparathyroidism.

renal oxalosis

deposition of oxalate crystals in renal tubules of patients poisoned by dietary oxalate, usually in poisonous plants.

renal papillae

see renal papilla.

renal papillary necrosis

necrosis of renal papillae due usually to obstruction to urinary flow or poisoning or dehydration.

renal pelvis

the chamber in the kidney into which the collecting tubules discharge urine and from which urine is voided into the ureter.

renal plasma flow

the effective rate of blood flow through the kidneys; the determining factor relative to the rate of glomerular filtration.

renal portal system

a system unique to birds; half to two thirds of the blood supply to the kidney comes from the hindlimbs via veins and terminates in peritubular capillaries where it is mixed with arteriolar blood coming from the glomeruli.

renal rickets

see renal secondary hyperparathyroidism.

renal shutdown

cessation of the excretory function of the kidney; oliguria.

renal spongiform encephalopathy

spongiform encephalopathy associated with renal failure.

renal tubular casts

see urinary cast.

renal vein thrombosis

commonly associated with renal amyloidosis in dogs.

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renal failure

Nephrology See Acute renal failure, Chronic renal failure, End-stage renal failure, Postpartum renal failure.