purpura (redirected from Petechial rash)

purpura /pur·pu·ra/ (pur´pu-rah)

1. a small hemorrhage in the skin, mucous membrane, or serosal surface.

2. a group of disorders characterized by the presence of purpuric lesions, ecchymoses, and a tendency to bruise easily.purpu´ric

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allergic purpura , anaphylactoid purpura Henoch-Schönlein p.

purpura annula´ris telangiecto´des  a rare form in which punctate erythematous lesions coalesce to form an annular or serpiginous pattern.

fibrinolytic purpura  purpura associated with increased fibrinolytic activity of the blood.

purpura ful´minans  nonthrombocytopenic purpura seen mainly in children, usually after an infectious disease, marked by fever, shock, anemia, and sudden, rapidly spreading symmetrical skin hemorrhages of the lower limbs, often associated with extensive intravascular thromboses and gangrene.

purpura hemorrha´gica  idiopathic thrombocytopenic p.

Henoch's purpura  Henoch-Schönlein purpura in which abdominal symptoms predominate.

Henoch-Schönlein purpura  nonthrombocytopenic purpura of unknown cause, usually in children; associated with symptoms such as urticaria, erythema, arthropathy and arthritis, gastrointestinal disorder, and renal involvement.

idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura  thrombocytopenic purpura not directly associated with a systemic disease, although often following a systemic infection; believed to be due to an IgG immunoglobulin that acts as an antibody against platelets.

malignant purpura  meningococcal meningitis.

nonthrombocytopenic purpura  purpura without any decrease in the platelet count of the blood.

Schönlein purpura  Henoch-Schönlein purpura with articular symptoms and without gastrointestinal symptoms.

Schönlein-Henoch purpura  Henoch-Schönlein p.

purpura seni´lis  dark purplish red ecchymoses occurring on the forearms and backs of the hands in the elderly.

thrombocytopenic purpura  any form in which the platelet count is decreased, occurring as a primary disease (idiopathic thrombocytopenic p.) or as a consequence of a primary hematologic disorder (secondary thrombocytopenic p.) .

thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura  a form of thrombotic microangiopathy marked by thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, neurological manifestations, azotemia, fever, and thromboses in terminal arterioles and capillaries.

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pur·pu·ra (pûrp-r, -py-)

n.

A condition characterized by hemorrhages in the skin and mucous membranes that result in the appearance of purplish spots or patches. Also called peliosis.

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Purpura

A large, purplish-red circle on the skin. Caused by the leakage of blood out of a vessel and under the skin.

Mentioned in: Antimalarial Drugs, Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura, Rashes, Vasculitis

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purpura

[pur′pyərə]

Etymology: L, purple

any of several bleeding disorders characterized by hemorrhage into the tissues, particularly beneath the skin or mucous membranes, producing ecchymoses or petechiae. The two major kinds of purpura are thrombocytopenic purpura and nonthrombocytopenic purpura. purpuric, adj. Compare petechiae and ecchymosis.

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purpura [per´pu-rah]

a hemorrhagic disease characterized by extravasation of blood into the tissues, under the skin, and through the mucous membranes, and producing spontaneous bruises, ecchymoses, and petechiae (small hemorrhagic spots) on the skin. (See plate in Dermatology Atlas.) When accompanied by a decrease in the circulating platelets, it is called thrombocytopenic purpura; when there is no decrease in the platelet count, it is called nonthrombocytopenic purpura. adj., adj purpu´ric.

There are two general types of thrombocytopenic purpura: primary or idiopathic, in which the cause is unknown, and secondary or symptomatic, which may be associated with exposure to drugs or other chemical agents, systemic diseases such as multiple myeloma and leukemia, diseases affecting the bone marrow or spleen, and infectious diseases such as rubella (German measles).

Symptoms. The outward manifestations and laboratory findings of primary and secondary thrombocytopenic purpura are similar. There is evidence of bleeding under the skin, with easy bruising and the development of petechiae. In the acute form there may be bleeding from any of the body orifices, such as hematuria, nosebleed, vaginal bleeding, and bleeding gums. The platelet count is below 100,000 per cubic millimeter of blood and may go as low as 10,000 per cubic millimeter (normal count is about 250,000 per cubic millimeter). The bleeding time is prolonged and clot retraction is poor. Coagulation time is normal.

Treatment. Differential diagnosis is necessary to determine the type of purpura present and to eliminate the cause if it can be determined. General measures include protection of the patient from trauma, elective surgery, and tooth extractions, any one of which may lead to severe or even fatal hemorrhage. In the thrombocytopenic form, corticosteroids may be administered when the purpura is moderately severe and of short duration. Splenectomy is indicated when other, more conservative measures fail and is successful in a majority of cases. In some instances, especially in children, there may be spontaneous and permanent recovery from idiopathic purpura. (See Atlas 2, Part Q.)

allergic purpura (anaphylactoid purpura) Henoch-Schönlein purpura.

annular telangiectatic purpura a rare form in which pinpoint reddened lesions coalesce to form a ring-shaped or continuously linked pattern, commonly beginning in the lower extremities and becoming generalized. Called also Majocchi's disease.

fibrinolytic purpura purpura associated with increased fibrinolytic activity of the blood.

purpura ful´minans a form of nonthrombocytopenic purpura seen mainly in children, usually after an infectious disease, marked by fever, shock, anemia, and sudden, rapidly spreading symmetrical skin hemorrhages of the lower limbs, often associated with extensive intravascular thromboses and gangrene.

purpura hemorrha´gica primary thrombocytopenic purpura.

Henoch's purpura a type of Henoch-Schönlein purpura in which abdominal symptoms predominate.

Henoch-Schönlein purpura a type of nonthrombocytopenic purpura, of unknown cause but thought to be due to a vasculitis; it is most often seen in children and is associated with clinical symptoms such as urticaria and erythema, arthritis and other joint diseases, gastrointestinal symptoms, and renal involvement. Called also Schönlein-Henoch purpura or syndrome and allergic or anaphylactoid purpura.

idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura thrombocytopenic purpura not directly associated with any definable systemic disease, although it often follows a systemic infection; the cause is thought to be an IgG immunoglobulin that acts as an antibody against platelets, causing ecchymoses, petechiae, and other bleeding. There are both acute and chronic forms: the acute form has a sudden onset, is more common in children, and usually resolves spontaneously within a few months; the chronic form has a slower onset, is more common in adults, and may be recurrent.

nonthrombocytopenic purpura purpura without any decrease in the platelet count of the blood. In such cases the cause is either abnormal capillary fragility or a clotting factor deficiency.

Schönlein purpura a type of Henoch-Schönlein purpura in which articular systems predominate; called also Schönlein's disease.

Schönlein-Henoch purpura Henoch-Schönlein purpura.

purpura seni´lis dark purplish red ecchymoses occurring on the forearms and backs of the hands in the elderly.

thrombocytopenic purpura purpura associated with a decrease in the number of platelets in the blood; see purpura.

thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura a form of thrombotic microangiopathy characterized by thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, bizarre neurological manifestations, uremia (azotemia), fever, and thromboses in terminal arterioles and capillaries; some authorities consider it identical to the hemolytic uremic syndrome. Called also microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and Moschcowitz's disease.

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purpura (pur´pyoor),

n an extravasation of blood into the tissues, resulting in blue to black lesions of the skin or mucosa (petechiae and ecchymoses).

Purpura.

purpura, allergic,

n (anaphylactoid purpura) a thrombocytopenic or nonthrombocytopenic purpura related to an allergic reaction. Manifestations include the common symptoms of allergy.

purpura, anaphylactoid

n See purpura, allergic.

purpura, essential,

n See purpura, thrombocytopenic, idiopathic.

purpura hemorrhagica

n See purpura, thrombocytopenic and purpura, thrombocytopenic, idiopathic.

purpura, idiopathic thrombocytopenic,

n (essential purpura, land scurvy, primary purpura, purpura hemorrhagica) a type of unknown cause.

purpura, nonthrombocytopenic,

n a type related to increased capillary permeability. Included are allergic purpuras and those resulting from vitamin C deficiency, bacterial toxins (scarlet fever, typhoid), drug intoxications, and metabolic toxins (nephritis, liver disease).

purpura, primary,

n See purpura, thrombocytopenic, idiopathic.

purpura, secondary,

n See purpura, thrombocytopenic, symptomatic.

purpura, symptomatic thrombocytopenic,

n (secondary purpura) a type resulting from the effects of chemical, physical, vegetable, or animal agents or infections or related blood disorders.

purpura, thrombocytopathic

n a type associated with qualitative abnormalities of the platelets.

purpura, thrombocytopenic

n (essential thrombopenia, pseudohemophilia, hemorrhagica, Werlhof's disease) a type characterized by severe ecchymoses and petechiae associated with marked reduction in the numbers of blood platelets. There is prolonged bleeding time and poor clot retraction, but the coagulation and prothrombin times are normal. Hemorrhage may occur spontaneously from any area of the oral mucosa. This disease may be acute and fatal, whereas in other instances it may run a chronic course with intermittent attacks.

purpura, thrombotic thrombocytopenic,

n a febrile disease of unknown cause characterized by hemolytic anemia, neurologic symptoms, hemorrhage into the skin and mucous membranes, icterus, hepatosplenomegaly, low platelet count, and platelet thrombi occluding capillaries and arterioles.

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purpura

a hemorrhagic disease characterized by extravasation of blood into the tissues, under the skin and through the mucous membranes, and producing spontaneous ecchymoses and petechiae on the skin. Similar lesions are produced in many specific diseases, e.g. epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer, bracken poisoning in cattle, and leptospirosis in calves. In immune-mediated purpura there is a defect in the integrity of the vessel wall due to immunological mechanisms, which may also cause a thrombocytopenia.

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anaphylactoid purpura

immune-mediated purpura; see also purpura.

fibrinolytic purpura

purpura associated with increased fibrinolytic activity of the blood.

purpura hemorrhagica

a well-defined disease of horses, occurring sporadically, usually associated with a respiratory tract infection. Clinical signs include cold, subcutaneous, edematous swellings, usually about the head and not always symmetrical, mucosal petechiation and high heart rate; affected horses commonly die within a few days. Nonthrombocytopenic.

neonatal purpura

alloimmune hemolytic anemia of the newborn in pigs is sometimes accompanied by a thrombocytopenic purpura, caused by antiplatelet antibodies. See also alloimmune thrombocytopenia.

nonthrombocytopenic purpura

purpura without any decrease in the platelet count of the blood. In such cases the cause of purpura is either abnormal capillary fragility or a clotting factor deficiency.

thrombocytopenic purpura

purpura associated with a decrease in the number of platelets in the blood. See also immune-mediated thrombocytopenia.

vascular purpura

that caused by loss of vascular integrity or function, as seen in vitamin C deficiency (scurvy), diabetes mellitus and hyperadrenocorticism.

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purpura

Visible hemorrhage into a mucocutaneous region. See Cocktail purpura, Fulminant neonatal purpura, Henoch-Schönlein purpura, Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, Post-transfusion purpura.