Duchenne muscular dystrophy (redirected from Muscular dystrophy, duchenne)

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)

The most severe form of muscular dystrophy, DMD usually affects young boys and causes progressive muscle weakness, usually beginning in the legs.

Mentioned in: Muscular Dystrophy

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muscular dystrophy (mus´kūlur dis´trōfē),

n a group of genetically transmitted diseases characterized by progressive atrophy of symmetric groups of skeletal muscles without evidence of involvement or degeneration of neural tissue. In all forms of muscular dystrophy there is an insidious loss of strength with increasing disability and deformity. Serum creatine phosphokinase is increased in affected individuals and acts as a diagnostic aid. Diagnosis is confirmed by muscle biopsy, electromyography, and genetic pedigree.

muscular dystrophy, Duchenne

n.pr a genetic myopathic condition distinguished by the enlarged size of specific muscles (e.g., calves), noticeable indications of lordosis accompanied by a swelling of the abdominal region; diminished capacity to stand, walk, and maintain balance; a progressive deterioration of the muscles; and limited intellectual development.

muscular dystrophy, facioscapulohu-meral

(fā´shēōskap´ūlōhyoo´mrl),
n a genetic myopathic condition involving the facial muscles and distinguished by prominent scapula, weak muscles of the shoulders, and marked difficulty in lifting the arms and completely shutting the eyes.

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muscular

1. pertaining to a muscle.

2. having well developed muscles.

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muscular asymmetry

due usually to neuronal or disuse atrophy on one side of the body.

muscular atrophy

wasting away of muscle or a muscle because of reduction in cross sectional area of muscle fibers; may be due to disease of the muscle or its nerve supply, or to disuse or nutritional inadequacy. See also hereditary spinal muscular atrophy (below).

muscular degeneration

varies in severity from degeneration of only the myofibrils or degeneration of the myofibrils plus sarcoplasm, leaving satellite cells and myonuclei and sarcolemmal laminae unaffected, or further levels of increasing severity.

muscular denervation

destruction or congenital absence of the motor nerve supply to the muscle; manifested by paralysis and atrophy and absence of spinal reflexes.

muscular denervation atrophy

progressive shrinkage of muscle fibers when the nerve supply to the muscle is severed.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

an X-linked inherited disease in humans, which is believed to be due to a deficiency of a membrane-associated protein, dystrophin. An analogous disease has been identified in Irish terriers, Golden retrievers and mice.

muscular dystrophy

any degenerative muscular disorder due to faulty nutrition of the muscles. Causes muscle weakness, liberation of myoglobin into the circulation from skeletal muscle and subsequent wasting and possible contracture. In humans there are a group of genetically determined, painless, degenerative myopathies that are progressively crippling because muscles are gradually weakened and eventually atrophy. In food animals the principal disease in this group is enzootic muscular dystrophy caused by a nutritional deficiency of selenium and/or vitamin E. Sporadic cases of muscular dystrophy of unknown etiology occur rarely in dogs.

muscular fascicle

see fascicle.

muscular fasciculation

see fasciculation.

muscular fatigue

during brief, intense exercise probably due in large part to the accumulation of lactate.

hereditary spinal muscular atrophy

progressive degeneration of the motor cells of the spinal cord. It is an inherited, slowly progressive flaccid tetraparesis from an early age, with muscular atrophy. Occurs as an autosomal recessive trait in Swedish lapland dogs, a dominant trait in Brittany spaniels. Also reported in German shepherd dogs, English pointers and Rottweilers. See also hereditary neuronal abiotrophy of Swedish Lapland dogs. In cattle, inherited as an autosomal recessive trait and reported in Brown Swiss, Holstein-Friesian and Red Danish calves with an onset at 3 to 8 weeks of age. There is hind limb ataxia progressing to recumbancy. Associated with lesions in the lower motor neurons of the cervical and lumbar spinal cord.

muscular hernia

hernia through an enclosing muscle sheath.

muscular hyperplasia

an increase in the size of a muscle mass due to an increase in the number of muscle cells. See also myofiber hyperplasia, ileal muscular hypertrophy.

muscular hypertrophy

an increase in the size of a muscle mass due to an increase in the length and thickness of each muscle cell without any increase in the number of cells.

muscular ischemia

short duration or temporary or partial cessation of blood supply causes loss of muscle power and possibly some muscle fiber necrosis; long duration or severe or complete cessation cause ischemic muscle necrosis and atrophy. See also compartment syndrome, downer cow syndrome.

muscular ischemic necrosis

see ischemic myonecrosis.

muscular mineralization

ectopic deposition of minerals in muscle. See mineralization.

myelopathic muscular atrophy

muscular atrophy due to a lesion of the spinal cord, as in spinal muscular atrophy.

nutritional muscular dystrophy

see muscular dystrophy (above).

muscular parasitic diseases

includes cysticercosis, hepatozoonosis, Neosprum caninum myositis, sarcocystosis, toxoplasmosis, trichenellosis.

muscular receptors

muscle spindles which respond to stretch.

muscular steatosis

excess fat deposits in muscle; a problem only at meat hygiene inspection.

muscular vascular occlusive syndrome

see ischemic myonecrosis.

muscular weakness

see weakness.

X-linked muscular dystrophy

see Duchenne muscular dystrophy (above).

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Duchenne muscular dystrophy

An X-R disease caused by a deficiency of a muscle protein, dystrophin, which affects 1:3500 ♂, resulting in progressive muscular atrophy, wasting, and death by age 20, often related to respiratory–due to compromised diaphragm activity, or cardiac failure; calf and deltoid muscles display the typical finding of pseudohypertrophy. See Climbing up on oneself, Dystrophin, Pseudohypertrophy.