cycle /cy·cle/ (si´k'l) a succession or recurring series of events.
citric acid cycle
citric acid,
carbon cycle the steps by which carbon (in the form of carbon dioxide) is extracted from the atmosphere by living organisms and ultimately returned to the atmosphere. It comprises a series of interconversions of carbon compounds beginning with the production of carbohydrates by plants during photosynthesis, proceeding through animal consumption, and ending and beginning again in the decomposition of the animal or plant or in the exhalation of carbon dioxide by animals.
cardiac cycle a complete cardiac movement, or heart beat, including systole, diastole, and intervening pause. 
)
Events of the cardiac cycle.
cell cycle the cycle of biochemical and morphological events occurring in a reproducing cell population; it consists of: the S phase, occurring toward the end of interphase, in which DNA is synthesized; the G2 phase, a relatively quiescent period; the M phase, consisting of the four phases of mitosis; and the G1 phase of interphase, which lasts until the S phase of the next cycle.
citric acid cycle tricarboxylic acid c.
Cori cycle the mechanism by which lactate produced by muscles is carried to the liver, converted back to glucose via gluconeogenesis, and returned to the muscles.
γ-glutamyl cycle a metabolic cycle for transporting amino acids into cells.
Krebs cycle tricarboxylic acid c.
Krebs-Henseleit cycle urea c.
menstrual cycle the period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium, occurring during the reproductive period of female humans, culminating in partial shedding of the endometrium and some bleeding per vagina (menstruating). 
)
Changes in the menstrual cycle in the human female. Solid lines indicate the course of events when the oocyte is not fertilized; dotted lines indicate the course of events when fertilization occurs. Arrows indicate the actions of hormones of the pituitary and the ovary in regulating the cycle.
mosquito cycle that period in the life of a malarial parasite that is spent in the body of the mosquito host.
nitrogen cycle the steps by which nitrogen is extracted from the nitrates of soil and water, incorporated as amino acids and proteins in living organisms, and ultimately reconverted to nitrates: (1) conversion of nitrogen to nitrates by bacteria; (2) the extraction of the nitrates by plants and the building of amino acids and proteins by adding an amino group to the carbon compounds produced in photosynthesis; (3) the ingestion of plants by animals, and (4) the return of nitrogen to the soil in animal excretions or on the death and decomposition of plants and animals.
ornithine cycle urea c.
ovarian cycle the sequence of physiologic changes in the ovary involved in ovulation.
reproductive cycle the cycle of physiologic changes in the female reproductive organs, from the time of fertilization of the oocyte through gestation and parturition.
sex cycle , sexual cycle
1. the physiologic changes recurring regularly in the genital organs of nonpregnant female mammals; in humans, the menstrual cycle.
2. the period of sexual reproduction in an organism that also reproduces asexually.
tricarboxylic acid cycle the final common pathway for the oxidation to CO2 of fuel molecules, most of which enter as acetyl coenzyme A; it also provides intermediates for biosynthetic reactions and generates ATP by providing electrons to the electron transport chain. 
)
Tricarboxylic acid cycle. Diagrammatic representation of reactions by which carbon chains of sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids are metabolized to yield carbon dioxide. Water produced by the cycle and components of the high-energy phosphate pool generated by the associated electron chain are not shown.
urea cycle a series of metabolic reactions in the liver, by which ammonia is converted to urea using cyclically regenerated ornithine as a carrier. 
)
Urea cycle. Diagrammatic representation of reactions by which excess nitrogen in the form of ammonia is converted to soluble urea, using l-ornithine as a recyclable carrier.
uterine cycle the phenomena occurring in the endometrium during the menstrual cycle, preparing it for implantation of the blastocyst.
visual cycle the cyclic interconversion of 11-cis- retinal and all-trans- retinal and association with opsins, creating an electric potential and initiating the cascade generating a sensory nerve impulse in vision. 
)
Visual cycle of retinal rod cells; an analogous cycle occurs with iodopsins in the cones.
| citric acid cycle n. See Krebs cycle. |
citric acid cycle
Etymology: Gk, kitron, citron; L, acidus, sour; Gk, kyklos, circle
a sequence of enzymatic reactions involving the metabolism of carbon chains of sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids to yield carbon dioxide, water, and high-energy phosphate bonds. The cycle is initiated when pyruvate combines with coenzyme A (CoA) to form a two-carbon unit, acetyl-CoA, which enters the cycle by combining with four-carbon oxaloacetic acid to form six-carbon citric acid. In subsequent steps, isocitric acid, produced from citric acid, is oxidized to oxalosuccinic acid, which loses carbon dioxide to form alpha-ketoglutaric acid. Succinic acid, resulting from the oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutaric acid, is oxidized to fumaric acid, and its oxidation regenerates oxaloacetic acid, which condenses with acetyl-CoA, closing the cycle. The citric acid cycle provides a major source of adenosine triphosphate energy and also produces intermediate molecules that are starting points for a number of vital metabolic pathways including amino acid synthesis. Also called Krebs cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle. See also acetylcoenzyme A.
citric acid,
n a white, crystalline, organic acid freely soluble in water and alcohol. It can be extracted from citrus fruits or through a fermentation of sugars. It is a key intermediary in metabolism. See also citric acid cycle.
citric acid cycle,
n a sequence of enzymatic reactions involving the metabolism of carbon chains of sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids to yield carbon dioxide, water, and high-energy phosphate bonds. Also called
Krebs' citric acid cycle or
tricarboxylic acid cycle.
Krebs' citric acid cycle or
tricarboxylic acid cycle.
citric acid
a tricarboxylic acid occurring in citrus fruits and acting as an antiscorbutic and diuretic. It functions as an anticoagulant in the blood preservatives, acid citrate dextrose and citrate phosphate dextrose. See also citrate.
citric acid cycle
cycle
a succession or recurring series of events.
cardiac cycle
a complete cardiac movement, or heartbeat, including systole, diastole, and the intervening pause.
The cycle includes eight separate phases: (1) isovolumetric contraction; (2) maximum ejection; (3) reduced ejection; (4) protodiastole (onset of ventricular relaxation); (5) isovolumetric relaxation; (6) rapid flow; (7) diastasis (onset of atrial contraction); (8) atrial systole.
cell cycle
the cycle of biochemical and morphological events occurring in a dividing cell population; it consists of the S phase, occurring toward the end of interphase, in which DNA is synthesized; the G2 phase, for gap 2, the interval between S and M; the M phase, for mitosis, consisting of the four phases of mitosis; and the G1 phase, which lasts from the end of M until the start of S phase of the next cycle. Fully differentiated cells are nondividing and are said to be in G0.
)
Cell cycle. By permission from Booth DM, Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Saunders, 2000
citric acid cycle
estrus cycle
see estrous cycle.
Krebs cycle
ovarian cycle
the sequence of physiological changes in the ovary involved in ovulation. See also ovulation and reproduction.
reproductive cycle
the cycle of physiological changes in the reproductive organs, from the time of fertilization of the ovum through gestation and parturition. See also reproduction.
sex cycle, sexual cycle
1. the physiological changes recurring regularly in the reproductive organs of female mammals when pregnancy does not supervene.
2. the period of sexual reproduction in an organism that also reproduces asexually.
tricarboxylic acid cycle
urea cycle
a cyclic series of reactions that produce urea, a major route for removal of the ammonia produced in the metabolism of amino acids in the liver and kidney. See also urea.
cycle, Krebs
A series of reactions in which the intermediate products of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism are converted to carbon dioxide and hydrogen atoms (electrons and hydrogen ions). This cycle can only operate in the presence of oxygen. Further oxidation yields carbon dioxide, water and ATP. This cycle occurs in the mitochondria that are found in the cytoplasm of cells of living organisms. It forms one of the processes in the metabolism of glucose providing energy (stored in ATP) to maintain the vital functions of the cells (e.g. mitosis). This cycle represents the principal energy pathway of the corneal endothelium. Syn. citric acid cycle; tricarboxylic acid cycle. See mitosis.
| Table C9 Relationship between the minimum angle of resolution, the Snellen fraction and the equivalent spatial frequency of a sine wave | ||||||
| Snellen fraction | ||||||
| resolution (min of arc) | (m) | (ft) | Spatial frequency (cpd) | |||
| 0.5 | 6/3 | 20/10 | 60 | |||
| 0.6 | 6/3.6 | 20/12 | 50 | |||
| 0.75 | 6/4.5 | 20/15 | 40 | |||
| 1.0 | 6/6 | 20/20 | 30 | |||
| 1.25 | 6/7.5 | 20/25 | 24 | |||
| 1.5 | 6/9 | 20/30 | 20 | |||
| 2.0 | 6/12 | 20/40 | 15 | |||
| 2.5 | 6/15 | 20/50 | 12 | |||
| 4.0 | 6/24 | 20/80 | 7.5 | |||
| 5.0 | 6/30 | 20/100 | 6 | |||
| 8.0 | 6/48 | 20/160 | 3.8 | |||
| 10.0 | 6/60 | 20/200 | 3 | |||
| 20.0 | 6/120 | 20/400 | 1.5 | |||
How to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us, add a link to this page, add the site to iGoogle, or visit webmaster's page for free fun content.
| ?Page tools | ||
|---|---|---|
|