sodium polystyrene sulfonate (redirected from Kionex)

sodium /so·di·um/ (so´de-um) a chemical element, at. no. 11, symbol Na; the chief cation of extracellular body fluids. For sodium salts not listed here, see under the acid or the active ingredient.

---

sodium acetate  a source of sodium ions for hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis, also a systemic and urinary alkalizer.

sodium ascorbate  an antiscorbutic vitamin and nutritional supplement; also used as an aid to deferoxamine therapy in the treatment of chronic iron toxicity.

sodium benzoate  an antifungal agent also used in a test of liver function.

sodium bicarbonate  the monosodium salt of carbonic acid, used as a gastric and systemic anatacid and to alkalize urine; also used, in solution, for washing the nose, mouth, and vagina, as a cleansing enema, and as a dressing for minor burns.

sodium biphosphate  monobasic s. phosphate.

sodium borate  the sodium salt of boric acid, used as an alkalizing agent in pharmaceuticals.

sodium carbonate  the disodium salt of carbonic acid, used as an alkalizing agent in pharmaceuticals.

sodium chloride  common table salt, a necessary constituent of the body and therefore of the diet, involved in maintaining osmotic tension of blood and tissues; uses include replenishment of electrolytes in the body, irrigation of wounds and body cavities, enema, inhaled mucolytic, topical osmotic ophthalmic agent, and preparation of pharmaceuticals.

sodium chromate Cr 51  the disodium salt of chromic acid prepared using the radioactive isotope chromium 51; used to tag erythrocytes or platelets for studies of red cell disease, gastrointestinal bleeding, and platelet survival.

sodium citrate  the trisodium salt of citric acid, used as an anticoagulant for blood or plasma for transfusion; also used as a urinary alkalizer.

dibasic sodium phosphate  an electrolyte replenisher, laxative, urinary acidifier, and antiurolithic, often used in combination with other phosphate compounds. Labeled with radiophosphorus (s. phosphate P 32), it is used as an antineoplastic in the treatment of polycythemia vera, chronic lymphocytic or myelocytic leukemia, and metastatic bone lesions.

sodium dodecyl sulfate  (SDS) the more usual name for sodium lauryl sulfate when used as an anionic detergent to solubilize proteins.

sodium fluoride  a dental caries prophylactic, NaF; used in the fluoridation of water and applied topically to the teeth.

sodium glutamate  monosodium glutamate.

sodium hydroxide  NaOH, a strongly alkaline and caustic compound; used as an alkalizing agent in pharmaceuticals.

sodium hypochlorite  the sodium salt of hypochlorous acid, NaClO, having germicidal and disinfectant properties.

sodium hyposulfite  s. thiosulfate.

sodium iodide  a binary haloid, used as a source of iodine. Labeled with radioactive iodine, it is used in thyroid function tests and thyroid imaging and to treat hyperthyroidism and thyroid carcinoma.

sodium lactate  the sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid, used as a fluid and electrolyte replenisher to combat acidosis.

monobasic sodium phosphate  the monohydrate, dihydrate, or anhydrous monosodium salt of phosphoric acid; used in buffer solutions. Used alone or in combination with other phosphate compounds, given intravenously as an electrolyte replenisher, orally or rectally as a laxative, and orally as a urinary acidifier and as an antiurolithic.

sodium monofluorophosphate  a dental caries prophylactic applied topically to the teeth.

sodium nitrite  an antidote for cyanide poisoning; also used as a preservative in cured meats and other foods.

sodium nitroprusside  an antihypertensive used in the treatment of acute congestive heart failure and of hypertensive crisis and to produce controlled hypotension during surgery; also used as a reagent.

sodium phenylbutyrate  an antihyperammonemic agent used as adjunctive treatment to control the hyperammonemia of urea cycle enzyme disorders.

sodium phosphate  any of various compounds of sodium and phosphoric acid; usually specifically dibasic s. phosphate.

sodium polystyrene sulfonate  a cation exchange resin used as an antihyperkalemic.

sodium propionate  the sodium salt of propionic acid, having antifungal properties; used as a topical antifungal; also used as a preservative.

sodium salicylate  see salicylate.

sodium sulfate  an osmotic laxative.

sodium tetradecyl sulfate  an anionic surfactant with sclerosing properties; used as a wetting agent and in the treatment of varicose veins.

sodium thiosulfate  a compound used as an antidote (with s. nitrite) to cyanide poisoning, in the prophylaxis of ringworm (added to foot baths), topically in tinea versicolor, and in some tests of renal function.

---

sodium [so´de-um]

a chemical element, atomic number 11, atomic weight 22.990, symbol Na. (See Appendix 6.) Sodium is the major cation of the extracellular fluid, constituting 90 to 95 per cent of all cations in the blood plasma and interstitial fluid; it thus determines the osmolality of the extracellular fluid. The serum sodium concentration is normally about 140 mEq/L. If the sodium level and osmolality fall, osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus are stimulated and cause the release of antidiuretic hormone from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. This hormone increases the absorption of water in the collecting ducts of the kidneys so that water is conserved while sodium and other electrolytes are excreted in the urine. If the sodium level and osmolality rise, neurons in the thirst center of the hypothalamus are stimulated. The thirsty person then drinks enough water to restore the osmolality of the extracellular fluid to the normal level.



A decrease in the serum sodium concentration (hyponatremia) can occur in a variety of conditions. It is often associated with deficient fluid volume due to diarrhea or vomiting when water is replaced faster than sodium. It can also occur in syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone, in the late stages of congestive heart failure or cirrhosis of the liver, in acute or chronic renal failure, and in diuretic therapy. An increase in the serum sodium concentration (hypernatremia) occurs when insensible water loss is not replaced by drinking, as in a comatose patient with diabetes insipidus.

sodium acetate a source of sodium ions for hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis, as well as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.

sodium ascorbate an antiscorbutic vitamin and nutritional supplement for parenteral administration. It is also used as an aid to deferoxamine therapy in the treatment of chronic iron toxicity.

sodium benzoate an antifungal agent also used in a test of liver function.

sodium bicarbonate NaHCO₃, a white powder commonly found in households. It has a wide variety of uses in chemistry, in pharmaceuticals, and in consumer products. It is sometimes taken in water as a remedy for acid indigestion but should not be used regularly since when taken in excess it tends to cause alkalosis. It can be mixed with water and applied as a paste for relief of pain in treatment of minor burns and insect bites and stings. A cupful in the bath water may help relieve itching caused by an allergic reaction. Called also baking soda and bicarbonate of soda.

sodium biphosphate monobasic sodium phosphate.

sodium carbonate a compound now used primarily as an alkalizing agent in pharmaceuticals; it has been used as a lotion or bath in the treatment of scaly skin, and as a detergent.

sodium chloride common table salt, a necessary constituent of the body and therefore of the diet, involved in maintaining osmotic tension of blood and tissues; uses include replenishment of electrolytes in the body, irrigation of wounds and body cavities, enema, inhaled mucolytic, topical osmotic ophthalmic agent, and preparation of pharmaceuticals. Called also salt.

sodium citrate a sodium salt of citric acid, used as an anticoagulant for blood or plasma that is to be fractionated or for blood that is to be stored. It is also administered orally as a urinary alkalizer.

dibasic sodium phosphate a salt of phosphoric acid; used alone or in combination with other phosphate compounds, it is given intravenously as an electrolyte replenisher, orally or rectally as a laxative, and orally as a urinary acidifier and for prevention of kidney stones.

sodium ferric gluconate a hematinic used especially in treatment of hemodialysis patients with iron deficiency anemia who are also receiving erythropoietin therapy. Administered by intravenous injection.

sodium fluoride a dental caries preventative used in fluoridation of drinking water or applied topically to teeth. Topical preparations include gels (sodium fluoride and phosphoric acid gel, also called APF gel) and solutions (sodium fluoride and acidulated phosphate topical solution, also called APF solution).

sodium glutamate monosodium glutamate.

sodium hydroxide NaOH, a strongly alkaline and caustic compound; used as an alkalizing agent in pharmaceuticals.

sodium hypochlorite a compound having germicidal, deodorizing, and bleaching properties; used in solution to disinfect utensils, and in diluted form (Dakin's solution) as a local antibacterial.

sodium iodide a compound used as a source of iodine.

sodium lactate a compound used in solution to replenish body fluids and electrolytes.

monobasic sodium phosphate

1. a monosodium salt of phosphoric acid; used in buffer solutions, as a urinary acidifier, as a laxative, and as a source of phosphorus in hypophosphatemia, often in combination with potassium phosphate.

2. a monosodium salt of phosphoric acid; used in buffer solutions. Used alone or in combination with other phosphate compounds, it is given intravenously as an electrolyte replenisher, orally or rectally as a laxative, and orally as a urinary acidifier and for prevention of kidney stones.

sodium monofluorophosphate a dental caries preventative applied topically to the teeth.

sodium nitrite an antidote for cyanide poisoning; also used as a preservative in cured meats and other foods.

sodium nitroprusside an antihypertensive agent used in the treatment of acute congestive heart failure and of hypertensive crisis and to produce controlled hypotension during surgery; also used as a reagent.

sodium phenylbutyrate an agent used as adjunctive treatment to control the hyperammonemia of pediatric urea cycle enzyme disorders.

sodium phosphate any of various compounds of sodium and phosphoric acid; usually specifically dibasic sodium phosphate.

sodium polystyrene sulfonate an ion-exchange resin used for removal of potassium ions in hyperkalemia, administered orally or rectally.

sodium propionate a salt used as an antifungal preservative in foods and pharmaceuticals and as a topical antifungal agent.

sodium salicylate see salicylate.

sodium sulfate a cathartic and laxative.

sodium thiosulfate a compound used intravenously as an antidote for cyanide poisoning, in foot baths for prophylaxis of ringworm, and as a topical antifungal agent for tinea versicolor. Also used in measuring the volume of extracellular body fluid and the renal glomerular filtration rate.

---

polystyrene

the resin produced by polymerization of styrol, a clear resin of the thermoplastic type.

---

sodium polystyrene sulfonate

a potassium exchange resin that may be administered orally or rectally in the treatment of hyperkalemia.

---

sodium polystyrene sulfonate

Kayexalate, K-Exit Poudre (CA), Kionex, Resonium A (UK), SPS Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate

Pharmacologic class: Cation exchange resin

Therapeutic class: Potassium-removing resin

Pregnancy risk category C

Action

Exchanges sodium ions for potassium ions in intestine; potassium is then eliminated in feces, which decreases serum potassium level.

Availability

Oral or rectal powder for suspension: 1.25 g/5 ml

Suspension: 15 g/60 ml

⊘Indications and dosages

➣ Hyperkalemia

Adults: 15 g P.O. one to four times daily in water or syrup, or 30 to 50 g P.R. q 6 hours; may instill through nasogastric tube as necessary

Contraindications

• Hypersensitivity to drug
• Severe hyperkalemia
• Hypokalemia or other electrolyte imbalances

Precautions

Use cautiously in:
• renal or heart failure, severe edema, severe hypertension
• pregnant patients.

Administration

• Know that drug may take hours to days to lower serum potassium level. Thus, it shouldn't be used alone to treat severe hyperkalemia.
• For rectal use, mix resin in water or sorbitol only; never use mineral oil. Insert #28F rubber tube 20 cm into sigmoid colon, and tape it in place. Or use indwelling urinary catheter with 30-ml balloon inflated distal to anal sphincter. Keep rectal solution at room temperature; swirl gently while administering. After giving dose, flush tubing with approximately 100 ml of sodium-free fluid; then flush rectum to remove drug residue.
• In elderly patients prone to fecal impaction, give cleansing enema before sodium polystyrene enema.

Route	Onset	Peak	Duration
P.O.	2-12 hr	Unknown	Unknown
P.R.	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown

Adverse reactions

GI: nausea, vomiting, constipation, fecal impaction, gastric irritation, anorexia

Metabolic: hypokalemia, sodium retention, other electrolyte abnormalities

Interactions

Drug-drug. Antacids, laxatives: systemic alkalosis

Drug-diagnostic tests. Calcium, magnesium, potassium: decreased levels

Sodium: increased level

Patient monitoring

• Monitor electrolyte levels. Watch for signs and symptoms of electrolyte imbalances, particularly sodium overload.
• Monitor bowel movements. Use measures to prevent or correct constipation or diarrhea, as needed.

Patient teaching

• Tell patient drug may cause constipation (or diarrhea, if given with sorbitol). Instruct him to report these problems.
• Teach patient about recommended diet (generally, low in sodium and potassium).
• For oral use, instruct patient to mix only with water, syrup, or sorbitol - never with orange juice.
• Advise patient to refrigerate oral solution to improve taste.
• As appropriate, review all other significant adverse reactions and interactions, especially those related to the drugs and tests mentioned above.