Intrauterine growth restriction

restriction /re·stric·tion/ (re-strik´shun) anything that limits; also, a limitation.restric´tive

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intrauterine growth restriction  (IUGR) see under restriction.

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intrauterine growth restriction

n.

See intrauterine growth retardation.

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intrauterine growth retardation

Fetal growth restriction Neonatology A generic term for any delay in achieving intrauterine developmental milestones, most commonly related to maternal drug, tobacco and alcohol abuse; IUGR affects high-risk infants with perinatal asphyxia, hypoglycemia, hypothermia, pulmonary hemorrhage, meconium aspiration, necrotizing enterocolitis, polycythemia and complications of infections, malformations and syndromes; IUGR fetuses have weight < 10^th percentile for gestational age, abdominal circumference < 2.5^th percentile Types Symmetric–body is proportionately small; asymmetric–head is disproportionately bigger than body, which implies undernourishment–growth of vital organs–heart, brain is at expense of liver, muscle and fat, often due to placental insufficiency; IUGR is the 2^nd most common–after prematurity–cause of perinatal M&M; it affects ±5% of the general obstetric population. See Low birthweight, Small for gestational age.

Intrauterine growth restriction  

Placental insufficiency  

• Unexplained elevated maternal alpha- fetoprotein level

• Idiopathic

• Preeclampsia

• Chronic maternal disease

• Cardiovascular disease

• Diabetes

• Hypertension

Abnormal placentation

• Abruptio placentae

• Placenta previa

• Infarction

• Circumvallate placenta

• Placenta accretia

• Hemangioma

Genetic disorders

• Family history

• Trisomy 13, 18 and 21

• Triploidy

• Turner's syndrome (some cases)

• Malformations

Immunologic

• Antiphospholipid syndrome

Infections

• Cytomegalovirus

• Rubella

• Herpes

• Toxoplasmosis

Metabolic

• Phenylketonuria

Other

• Poor maternal nutrition

• Substance abuse (smoking, alcohol, drugs)

• Multiple gestation

• Low socioeconomic status