enalapril maleate (redirected from Innovace)

e·nal·a·pril maleate (-nl-prl)

n.

An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor used as an antihypertensive agent.

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enalapril maleate

[enal′əpril]

an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor used as an oral antihypertensive drug.

indications It is prescribed in the treatment of hypertension or heart failure or as a preventive for myocardial infarction, stroke, or cardiovascular death.

contraindications It should be used with caution in patients suffering severe salt or fluid depletion or in combination with a potassium-sparing diuretic. ACE inhibitors should not be used during pregnancy, especially during the second and third trimesters.

adverse effects Among the more serious adverse effects are hyperkalemia, cough, hypotension, dizziness, and headache.

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enalapril maleate

(enal´pril mālēāt),
n brand names: Vasotec, Vasotec IV;
drug class: angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor;
action: selectively suppresses renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; inhibits ACE; prevents conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, leading to dilation of arterial and venous vessels;
uses: hypertension, heart failure adjunct.

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enalapril maleate

Innovace (UK), Vasotec

Pharmacologic class: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor

Therapeutic class: Antihypertensive

Pregnancy risk category C (first trimester), D (second and third trimesters)

FDA Boxed Warning

• When used during second or third trimester of pregnancy, drug can cause fetal injury and even death. Discontinue as soon as pregnancy is detected.

Action

Inhibits conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor; inactivates bradykinin and prostaglandins. Also increases plasma renin and potassium levels and reduces aldosterone levels, resulting in systemic vasodilation.

Availability

Injection: 1.25 mg/ml

Tablets: 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg

⊘Indications and dosages

➣ Hypertension

Adults: For patients not taking concomitant diuretics - initially, 5 mg P.O. once daily, increased after 1 to 2 weeks as needed to a maintenance dosage of 10 to 40 mg P.O. daily given as a single dose or in two divided doses; or 1.25 mg I.V. q 6 hours. For patients taking diuretics - initially, 2.5 mg P.O. or 0.625 mg I.V.

Children: 0.08 mg/kg P.O. once daily; may be increased based on blood pressure response up to 5 mg daily. Maximum dosage is 0.58 mg/kg/dose.

➣ Heart failure

Adults: Initially, 2.5 mg P.O. once or twice daily, increased after 1 to 2 weeks as needed to maintenance dosage of 5 to 40 mg P.O. daily given as a single dose or in two divided doses

➣ Asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction

Adults: Initially, 2.5 mg P.O. once or twice daily, increased after 1 to 2 weeks as needed to a maximum of 20 mg/day in divided doses

Dosage adjustment

• Renal impairment

Off-label uses

• Diabetic nephropathy
• Hypertensive emergency

Contraindications

• Hypersensitivity to drug or other ACE inhibitors
• Angioedema
• Pregnancy

Precautions

Use cautiously in:
• renal or hepatic impairment, hypovolemia, hyponatremia, aortic stenosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, cerebrovascular or cardiac insufficiency
• black patients with hypertension
• concurrent diuretic use
• elderly patients
• breastfeeding patients
• children.

Administration

• Give oral doses with food or beverage.
• Discontinue diuretics for 2 to 3 days before starting drug, if possible.
• Know that I.V. administration is usually reserved for patients who cannot take P.O. form.
• Be aware that I.V. administration isn't recommended for pediatric patients.
• Administer I.V. dose either undiluted or diluted in 50 ml of dextrose 5% in water, normal saline solution, dextrose 5% in normal saline solution, or dextrose 5% in lactated Ringer's solution.
• Give single I.V. dose by push or piggyback over 5 minutes. If patient's at risk for hypotension, infusion may be given over 1 hour.

Route	Onset	Peak	Duration
P.O.	1 hr	4-6 hr	24 hr
I.V.	15 min	3-4 hr	6 hr

Adverse reactions

CNS: dizziness, fatigue, headache, insomnia, drowsiness, vertigo, asthenia, paresthesia, ataxia, confusion, depression, nervousness, cerebrovascular accident

CV: orthostatic hypotension, palpitations, angina pectoris, tachycardia, peripheral edema, arrhythmias, cardiac arrest

EENT: sinusitis

GI: nausea, vomiting, constipation, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, dry mouth, pancreatitis

GU: proteinuria, urinary tract infection, erectile dysfunction, decreased libido, oliguria

Hematologic: agranulocytosis, bone marrow depression

Hepatic: hepatitis

Metabolic: hyponatremia, hyperkalemia

Respiratory: cough, upper respiratory tract infection, asthma, bronchitis, dyspnea, eosinophilic pneumonitis

Skin: rash, alopecia, photosensitivity, diaphoresis, exfoliative dermatitis, angioedema, erythema multiforme

Other: altered taste, fever, increased appetite, anaphylactoid reactions

Interactions

Drug-drug. Allopurinol: increased risk of hypersensitivity reaction

Antacids: decreased enalapril absorption

Cyclosporine, indomethacin, potassium-sparing diuretics, potassium supplements: hyperkalemia

Digoxin, lithium: increased blood levels of these drugs, possible toxicity

Diuretics, nitrates, other antihypertensives, phenothiazines: additive hypotension

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: decreased antihypertensive response

Rifampin: decreased enalapril efficacy

Drug-diagnostic tests. Alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, potassium: increased levels

Antinuclear antibodies: positive titer

Sodium: decreased level

Drug-food. Salt substitutes containing potassium: hyperkalemia

Drug-herbs. Capsaicin: increased incidence of cough

Drug-behaviors. Acute alcohol ingestion: additive hypotension

Sun exposure: photosensitivity reaction

Patient monitoring

☞ Assess for rapid blood pressure drop leading to cardiovascular collapse, especially when giving with diuretics.
☞ In patient with renal insufficiency or renal artery stenosis, monitor for worsening renal function.
• After initial dose, observe patient closely for at least 2 hours until blood pressure has stabilized. Then continue to observe for additional hour.
• Monitor vital signs, fluid intake and output, and daily weight.
• Supervise patient during ambulation until effects of drug are known.
• Monitor liver function tests, BUN, and creatinine and electrolyte levels.

Patient teaching

• Inform patient that drug's full effect may not occur for several weeks.
• Advise patient to report persistent dry cough with nasal congestion.
☞ Tell patient to immediately report swelling of face, eye area, tongue, lips, hands, or feet; rash, hives, or severe itching; unexplained fever; unusual tiredness; yellowing of skin or eyes; abdominal pain; or easy bruising.
• Instruct patient to move slowly when sitting up or standing, to avoid dizziness or light-headedness from sudden blood pressure decrease.
• As appropriate, review all other significant and life-threatening adverse reactions and interactions, especially those related to the drugs, tests, foods, herbs, and behaviors mentioned above.

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enalapril maleate

Teczem^®, Vasotec^® Cardiology A long-acting IV ACE inhibitor/antihypertensive Adverse effects  Fatigue orthostatic hypotension, diarrhea, N&V, dizziness, headache, cough, dyspnea. Cf ACE inhibitor, CONSENSUS II, SOLVD.