Horner's muscle

muscle /mus·cle/ (mus´'l) an organ which by contraction produces movement of an animal organism.

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abductor muscle of great toe  origin, medial tubercle of calcaneus, plantar fascia; insertion, medial surface of base of proximal phalanx of great toe; innervation, medial plantar; action, abducts, flexes great toe.

abductor muscle of little finger  origin, pisiform bone, tendon of ulnar flexor muscle of wrist; insertion, medial surface of base of proximal phalanx of little finger; innervation, ulnar; action, abducts little finger.

abductor muscle of little toe  origin, medial and lateral tubercles of calcaneus, plantar fascia; insertion, lateral surface of base of proximal phalanx of little toe; innervation, superficial branch of lateral plantar; action, abducts little toe.

abductor muscle of thumb, long  origin, posterior surfaces of radius and ulna; insertion, radial side of base of first metacarpal bone; innervation, posterior interosseous; action, abducts, extends thumb.

abductor muscle of thumb, short  origin, scaphoid, ridge of trapezium, transverse carpal ligament; insertion, lateral surface of base of proximal phalanx of thumb; innervation, median; action, abducts thumb.

adductor muscle, great  origin, deep part—inferior ramus of pubis, ramus of ischium, superficial part—ischial tuberosity; insertion, deep part—linea aspera of femur, superficial part—adductor tubercle of femur; innervation, deep part—obturator, superficial part—sciatic; action, deep part—adducts thigh, superficial part—extends thigh.

adductor muscle, long  origin, crest and symphysis of pubis; insertion, linea aspera of femur; innervation, obturator; action, adducts, rotates, flexes thigh.

adductor muscle, short  origin, outer surface of inferior ramus of pubis; insertion, upper part of linea aspera of femur; innervation, obturator; action, adducts, rotates, flexes thigh.

adductor muscle, smallest  a name given the anterior portion of the great adductor muscle; insertion, ischium, body and ramus of pubis; innervation, obturator and sciatic; action, adducts thigh.

adductor muscle of great toe  : origin, oblique head—bases of second, third, and fourth metatarsals, and sheath of peroneus longus, transverse head— capsules of metatarsophalangeal joints of three lateral toes; insertion, lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of great toe; innervation, lateral plantar; action, adducts great toe.

agonistic muscle  one opposed in action by another muscle (the antagonistic m.).

anconeus muscle  origin, back of lateral epicondyle of humerus; insertion, olecranon and posterior surface of ulna; innervation, radial; action, extends forearm.

antagonistic muscle  one that counteracts the action of another muscle (the agonistic m.).

antitragicus muscle  origin, outer part of antitragus; insertion, caudate process of helix and anthelix; innervation, temporal and posterior auricular.

arrector muscle of hair  origin, papillary layer of skin; insertion, a hair follicle; innervation, sympathetic; action, elevate a hair of skin.

articular muscle  one that has one end attached to a joint capsule.

articular muscle of elbow  a few fibers of the deep surface of the triceps brachii that insert into the posterior ligament and synovial membrane of the elbow joint.

articular muscle of knee  origin, distal fourth of anterior surface of shaft of femur; insertion, synovial membrane of knee joint; innervation, femoral; action, lifts capsule of knee joint.

aryepiglottic muscle  an inconstant fascicle of the oblique arytenoid muscle, originating from the apex of the arytenoid cartilage and inserting on the lateral margin of the epiglottis.

arytenoid muscle, oblique  one of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx; origin, dorsal aspect of muscular process of arytenoid cartilage; insertion, apex of opposite arytenoid cartilage; innervation, recurrent laryngeal; action, closes inlet of larynx.

arytenoid muscle, transverse  one of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx; origin, dorsal aspect of muscular process of arytenoid cartilage; insertion, continuous with thyroarytenoid, apex of opposite cartilage; innervation, recurrent laryngeal; action, approximates arytenoid cartilages.

auricular muscles 

1. the extrinsic auricular muscles, including the anterior, posterior, and superior auricular muscles.

2. the intrinsic auricular muscles that extend from one part of the auricle to another, including the helicis major, helicis minor, tragicus, antitragicus, transverse auricular, and oblique auricular muscles.

auricular muscle, anterior  origin, superficial temporal fascia; insertion, cartilage of ear; innervation, facial; action, draws the auricle forward.

auricular muscle, posterior  origin, mastoid process; insertion, cartilage of ear; innervation, facial; action, draws auricle backward.

auricular muscle, superior  origin, galea aponeurotica; insertion, cartilage of ear; innervation, facial; action, raises auricle.

Bell's muscle  the muscular strands between the ureteric orifices and the uvula vesicae, bounding the trigone of the urinary bladder.

biceps muscle of arm  origin, long head—upper border of glenoid cavity, short head—apex of coracoid process; insertion, radial tuberosity and fascia of forearm; innervation, musculocutaneous; action, flexes forearm, supinates hand.

biceps muscle of thigh  origin, long head—ischial tuberosity, short head—linea aspera of femur; insertion, head of fibula, lateral condyle of tibia; innervation, long head—tibial, short head— peroneal, popliteal; action, flexes leg, extends thigh.

brachial muscle  origin, anterior surface of humerus; insertion, coronoid process of ulna; innervation, radial, musculocutaneous; action, flexes forearm.

brachioradial muscle  origin, lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus; insertion, lower end of radius; innervation, radial; action, flexes forearm.

bronchoesophageal muscle  a name given muscular fasciculi arising from the wall of the left bronchus, reinforcing muscles of the esophagus.

Brücke's muscle  the longitudinal fibers of the ciliary muscle.

buccinator muscle  origin, buccinator ridge of mandible, alveolar process of maxilla, pterygomandibular ligament; insertion, orbicularm muscle of mouth at angle of mouth; innervation, buccal branch of facial; action, compresses cheek and retracts angle of the mouth.

bulbocavernosus muscle , bulbocavernous muscle, bulbospongiosus muscle origin, central point of perineum, median raphe of bulb; insertion, fascia of penis (male) or clitoris (female); innervation, pudendal; action, constricts spongy urethra.

canine muscle  levator m. of angle of mouth.

cardiac muscle  the muscle of the heart, composed of striated but involuntary muscle fibers, comprising the chief component of the myocardium and lining the walls of the adjoining large vessels.

ceratocricoid muscle  a muscular fasciculus arising from the cricoid cartilage and inserted on the inferior cornu of the thyroid cartilage, considered one of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx.

cervical muscles  the muscles of the neck, including the sternocleidomastoid, longus colli, suprahyoid, infrahyoid, and scalene muscles.

chin muscle  origin, incisive fossa of mandible; insertion, skin of chin; innervation, facial; action, wrinkles skin of chin.

chondroglossus muscle  origin, medial side and base of lesser cornu of hyoid bone; insertion, substance of tongue; innervation, hypoglossal; action, depresses, retracts tongue.

ciliary muscle  origin, scleral spur; insertion, outer layers of choroid and ciliary processes; innervation, oculomotor, parasympathetic; action, affects shape of lens in visual accommodation.

coccygeal muscle , coccygeus muscle origin, ischial spine; insertion, lateral border of lower part of sacrum, upper coccyx; innervation, third and fourth sacral; action, supports and raises coccyx.

constrictor muscle of pharynx, inferior  origin, undersurfaces of cricoid and thyroid cartilages; insertion, median raphe of posterior wall of pharynx; innervation, glossopharyngeal, pharyngeal plexus, and external and recurrent laryngeal; action, constricts pharynx. It is divided into a cricopharyngeal part and a thyropharyngeal part.

constrictor muscle of pharynx, middle  origin, cornua of hyoid and stylohyoid ligament; insertion, median raphe of posterior wall of pharynx; innervation, pharyngeal plexus of vagus and glossopharyngeal; action, constricts pharynx. It is divided into a ceratopharyngeal part and an chondropharyngeal part.

constrictor muscle of pharynx, superior  origin, medial pterygoid plate, pterygomandibular raphe, mylohyoid ridge of mandible, and mucous membrane of floor of mouth; insertion, median raphe of posterior wall of pharynx; innervation, pharyngeal plexus of vagus; action, constricts pharynx. It is divided into buccopharyngeal, glossopharyngeal, mylopharyngeal, and pterygopharyngeal parts.

coracobrachial muscle  origin, coracoid process of scapula; insertion, medial surface of shaft of humerus; innervation, musculocutaneous; action, flexes, adducts arm.

corrugator muscle, superciliary  origin, medial end of superciliary arch; insertion, skin of eyebrow; innervation, facial; action, draws eyebrow downward and medially.

cremaster muscle  origin, inferior margin of internal oblique muscle of abdomen; insertion, pubic tubercle; innervation, genital branch of genitofemoral; action, elevates testis.

cricoarytenoid muscle, lateral  one of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx; origin, lateral surface of cricoid cartilage; insertion, muscular process of arytenoid cartilage; innervation, recurrent laryngeal; action, approximates vocal folds.

cricoarytenoid muscle, posterior  one of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx; origin, back of cricoid cartilage; insertion, muscular process of arytenoid cartilage; innervation, recurrent laryngeal; action, separates vocal folds.

cricothyroid muscle  one of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx; origin, front and side of cricoid cartilage; insertion, lamina of thyroid cartilage; innervation, superior laryngeal; action, tenses vocal folds.

dartos muscle 

1. the nonstriated muscle fibers of the tunica dartos, the deeper layers of which help to form the septum of the scrotum.

2. tunica dartos (1).

deltoid muscle  origin, clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula; insertion, deltoid tuberosity of humerus; innervation, axillary; action, abducts, flexes, extends arm.

depressor muscle, superciliary  a name applied to a few fibers of the orbital part of the orbicular muscle of eye that are inserted in the eyebrow, which they depress.

depressor muscle of angle of mouth  origin, lower border of mandible; insertion, angle of mouth; innervation, facial; action, pulls down angle of mouth.

depressor muscle of lower lip  origin, anterior portion of lower border of mandible; insertion, orbicular muscle of mouth and skin of lower lip; innervation, facial; action, depresses lower lip.

depressor muscle of septum of nose  origin, incisor fossa of maxilla; insertion, ala and septum of nose; innervation, facial; action, contracts nostril and depresses ala.

detrusor muscle of bladder , detrusor urinae muscle the bundles of smooth muscle fibers forming the muscular coat of the urinary bladder, which are arranged in a longitudinal and a circular layer and, on contraction, serve to expel urine.

diaphragmatic muscle  diaphragma (1).

digastric muscle  origin, anterior belly—digastric fossa on deep surface of inferior border of mandible near symphysis, posterior belly—mastoid notch of temporal bone; insertion, intermediate tendon on hyoid bone; innervation, anterior belly—mylohyoid, posterior belly—digastric branch of facial; action, elevates hyoid bone, lowers jaw.

dilator muscle of pupil  a name applied to fibers extending radially from the sphincter of pupil to the ciliary margin; innervation, sympathetic; action, dilates iris.

epicranial muscle  a name given the muscular covering of the scalp, including the occipitofrontal and temporoparietal muscles, and the galea aponeurotica.

erector muscle of spine  a name given the fibers of the more superficial of the deep muscles of the back, originating from the sacrum, spines of the lumbar and the eleventh and twelfth thoracic vertebrae, and the iliac crest, which split and insert as the iliocostal, longissimus, and spinal muscles.

muscles of expression  a group of cutaneous muscles of the facial structures, including the muscles of the scalp, ear, eyelids, nose, and mouth, and the platysma.

extensor muscle of fingers  origin, lateral epicondyle of humerus; insertion, common extensor tendon of each finger; innervation, posterior interosseus; action, extends wrist joint and phalanges.

extensor muscle of great toe, long  origin, front of fibula and interosseous membrane; insertion, dorsal surface of base of distal phalanx of great toe; innervation, deep peroneal; action, dorsiflexes ankle joint, extends great toe.

extensor muscle of great toe, short  a name given the portion of the short extensor muscle of toes that goes to the great toe.

extensor muscle of index finger  origin, dorsal surface of body of ulna, interosseous membrane; insertion, common extensor tendon of index finger; innervation, posterior interosseous; action, extends index finger.

extensor muscle of little finger  origin, common extensor tendon; insertion, tendon of extensor muscle of fingers to little finger; innervation, deep radial; action, extends little finger.

extensor muscle of thumb, long  origin, dorsal surface of ulna and interosseous membrane; insertion, dorsal surface of distal phalanx of thumb; innervation, posterior interosseous; action, extends, abducts thumb.

extensor muscle of thumb, short  origin, dorsal surface of radius and interosseous membrane; insertion, dorsal surface of proximal phalanx of thumb; innervation, posterior interosseous; action, extends thumb.

extensor muscle of toes, long  origin, anterior surface of fibula, lateral condyle of tibia, interosseous membrane; insertion, common extensor tendon of four lateral toes: innervation, deep peroneal; action, extends toes.

extensor muscle of toes, short  origin, dorsal surface of calcaneus; insertion, extensor tendons of first, second, third, fourth toes; innervation, deep peroneal; action, extends toes.

extensor muscle of wrist, radial, long  origin, lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus; insertion, base of second metacarpal bone; innervation, radial; action, extends and abducts wrist joint.

extensor muscle of wrist, radial, short  short radial extensor muscle of wrist: origin, lateral epicondyle of humerus, insertion, base of third metacarpal bone; innervation, radial; action, extends and abducts wrist joint.

extensor muscle of wrist, ulnar  origin, humeral head—lateral epicondyle of humerus, ulnar head—dorsal border of ulna; insertion, base of fifth metacarpal bone; innervation, deep radial; action, extends and adducts wrist joint.

extraocular muscles  the six voluntary muscles that move the eyeball: superior, inferior, middle, and lateral recti, and superior and inferior oblique muscles.

extrinsic muscle  one not originating in the limb or part in which it is inserted.

facial muscles  m's of expression.

fibular muscle, long  origin, lateral condyle of tibia, head and lateral surface of fibula; insertion, medial cuneiform, first metatarsal; innervation, superficial peroneal; action, abducts, everts, plantar flexes foot.

fibular muscle, short  origin, lateral surface of fibula; insertion, base of fifth metatarsal bone; innervation, superficial peroneal; action, abducts, plantar flexes foot.

fibular muscle, third  origin, anterior surface of fibula, interosseous membrane; insertion, fifth metatarsal; innervation, deep peroneal; action, everts, dorsiflexes foot.

fixation muscles , fixator muscles accessory muscles that serve to steady a part.

flexor muscle of fingers, deep  origin, shaft of ulna, coronoid process; insertion, distal phalanges of fingers; innervation, ulnar and anterior interosseous; action, flexes distal phalanges.

flexor muscle of fingers, superficial  origin, humeroulnar head—medial epicondyle of humerus, coronoid process of ulna, radial head— oblique line of radius, anterior border; insertion, middle phalanges of fingers; innervation, median; action, flexes middle phalanges.

flexor muscle of great toe, long  origin, posterior surface of fibula; insertion, base of distal phalanx of great toe; innervation, tibial; action, flexes great toe.

flexor muscle of great toe, short  origin, undersurface of cuboid, lateral cuneiform; insertion, base of proximal phalanx of great toe; innervation, medial plantar; action, flexes great toe.

flexor muscle of little finger, short  origin, hook of hamate bone, transverse carpal ligament; insertion, medial side of proximal phalanx of little finger; innervation, ulnar; action, flexes little finger.

flexor muscle of little toe, short  origin, base of fifth metatarsal, sheath of long peroneal muscle; insertion, lateral surface of base of proximal phalanx of little toe; innervation, lateral plantar; action, flexes little toe.

flexor muscle of thumb, long  origin, anterior surface of radius and coronoid process of ulna; insertion, base of distal phalanx of thumb; innervation, anterior interosseous; action, flexes thumb.

flexor muscle of thumb, short  origin, flexor retinaculum, ridge of trapezium; insertion, base of proximal phalanx of thumb; innervation, median, ulnar; action, flexes and adducts thumb.

flexor muscle of toes, long  origin, posterior surface of shaft of tibia; insertion, distal phalanges of four lateral toes; innervation, posterior tibial; action, flexes toes and extends foot.

flexor muscle of toes, short  origin, medial tuberosity of calcaneus, plantar fascia; insertion, middle phalanges of four lateral toes; innervation, medial plantar; action, flexes toes.

flexor muscle of wrist, radial  origin, medial epicondyle of humerus; insertion, base of second metacarpal; innervation, median; action, flexes and abducts wrist joint.

flexor muscle of wrist, ulnar  origin, humeral head—medial epicondyle of humerus, ulnar head—olecranon, ulna, intermuscular septum; insertion, pisiform, hook of hamate, proximal end of fifth metacarpal; innervation, ulnar; action, flexes and adducts wrist joint.

gastrocnemius muscle  origin, medial head—popliteal surface of femur, upper part of medial condyle, and capsule of knee, lateral head—lateral condyle and capsule of knee; insertion, aponeurosis unites with tendon of soleus to form calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon); innervation, tibial; action, plantar flexes ankle joint, flexes knee joint.

gemellus muscle, inferior  origin, tuberosity of ischium; insertion, greater trochanter of femur; innervation, nerve to quadrate muscle of thigh; action, rotates thigh laterally.

gemellus muscle, superior  origin, spine of ischium; insertion, greater trochanter of femur; innervation, nerve to internal obturator; action, rotates thigh laterally.

genioglossus muscle  origin, mental spine of mandible; insertion, hyoid bone and inferior surface of tongue; innervation, hypoglossal; action, protrudes and depresses tongue.

geniohyoid muscle  origin, mental spine of mandible; insertion, body of hyoid bone; innervation, a branch of first cervical nerve through hypoglossal; action, elevates, draws hyoid forward.

glossopalatine muscle  palatoglossus m.

gluteal muscle, greatest  gluteus maximus m.

gluteal muscle, middle  gluteus medius m.

gluteal muscle, least  gluteus minimus m.

gluteus maximus muscle  origin, lateral surface of ilium, dorsal surface of sacrum and coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament; insertion, iliotibial tract of fascia lata, gluteal tuberosity of femur; innervation, inferior gluteal; action, extends, abducts, and rotates thigh laterally.

gluteus medius muscle  origin, lateral surface of ilium between anterior and posterior gluteal lines; insertion, greater trochanter of femur; innervation, superior gluteal; action, abducts and rotates thigh medially.

gluteus minimus muscle  origin, lateral surface of ilium between anterior and inferior gluteal lines; insertion, greater trochanter of femur; innervation, superior gluteal; action, abducts, rotates thigh medially.

gracilis muscle  origin, lower half of body and entire inferior ramus of pubis; insertion, medial surface of shaft of tibia; innervation, obturator; action, adducts thigh, flexes knee joint.

hamstring muscles  the muscles of the back of the thigh: biceps femoris, semitendinous, and semimembranous muscles.

muscle of helix, greater  origin, spine of helix; insertion, anterior border of helix; innervation, auriculotemporal and posterior auricular (branches of facial); action, tenses skin of auditory canal.

muscle of helix, lesser  origin, anterior rim of helix; insertion, concha; innervation, temporal, posterior auricular.

Horner's muscle  the lacrimal part of the orbicular muscle of eye.

Houston's muscle  fibers of the bulbocavernosus muscle compressing the dorsal vein of the penis.

intrinsic muscle  one whose origin and insertion are in the same part or organ.

hyoglossus muscle  origin, body and greater cornu of hyoid bone; insertion, side of tongue; innervation, hypoglossal; action, depresses and retracts tongue.

iliac muscle  origin, iliac fossa and base of sacrum; insertion, greater psoas tendon and lesser trochanter of femur; innervation, femoral; action, flexes thigh, trunk on limb.

iliococcygeus muscle  the posterior portion of the levator ani which originates as far anteriorly as the obturator canal and inserts on the side of the coccyx and the anococcygeal body; innervation, third and fourth sacral; action, helps to support pelvic viscera and resist increases in intra-abdominal pressure.

iliocostal muscle  the lateral division of the erector muscle of spine.

iliocostal muscle of loins  origin, iliac crest; insertion, angles of lower six or seven ribs; innervation, branches of thoracic and lumbar; action, extends lumbar spine.

iliocostal muscle of neck  origin, angles of third, fourth, fifth, and sixth ribs; insertion, transverse processes of fourth, fifth, and sixth cervical vertebrae; innervation, branches of cervical; action, extends cervical spine.

iliocostal muscle of thorax  origin, upper borders of angles of six lower ribs; insertion, angles of six upper ribs and transverse process of seventh cervical vertebra; innervation, branches of thoracic; action, keeps thoracic spine erect.

iliopsoas muscle  a compound muscle consisting of the iliac and psoas major muscles.

incisive muscles of inferior lip  small bundles of muscle fibers, one arising from the incisive fossa of the mandible on each side and passing laterally to the angle of the mouth.

incisive muscles of superior lip  small bundles of muscle fibers, one arising from the incisive fossa of the maxilla on each side and passing laterally to the angle of the mouth.

infraspinous muscle  origin, infraspinous fossa of scapula; insertion, greater tubercle of humerus; innervation, suprascapular; action, rotates humerus laterally.

intercostal muscles, external 

1. musculi intercostales externi.

2. origin, inferior border of rib; insertion, superior border of rib below; innervation, intercostal; action, draw ribs together in respiration and expulsive movements.

intercostal muscles, innermost  the layer of muscle fibers separated from the internal intercostal muscles by the intercostal nerves.

intercostal muscles, internal  origin, inferior border of rib and costal cartilage; insertion, superior border of rib and costal cartilage below; innervation, intercostal; action, draw ribs together in respiration and expulsive movements.

interosseous muscles, palmar  origin, sides of second, fourth, and fifth metacarpal bones; insertion, extensor tendons of second, fourth, and fifth fingers; innervation, ulnar; action, adduct, flex proximal phalanges, extend middle and distal phalanges.

interosseous muscles, plantar  origin, medial surface of third, fourth, and fifth metatarsal bones; insertion, medial side of base of proximal phalanges of third, fourth, and fifth toes; innervation, lateral plantar; action, adduct, flex toes.

interosseous muscles of foot, dorsal  origin, adjacent surfaces of metatarsal bones; insertion, base of proximal phalanges of second, third, and fourth toes; innervation, lateral plantar; action, abduct, flex toes.

interosseous muscles of hand, dorsal  origin, by two heads from adjacent sides of metacarpal bones; insertion, extensor tendons of second, third, and fourth fingers; innervation, ulnar; action, abduct, flex proximal phalanges.

interspinal muscles  short bands of muscle fibers between spinous processes of contiguous vertebrae; innervation, spinal; action, extend vertebral column.

interspinal muscles of loins  paired bands of muscle fibers extending between spinous processes of contiguous lumbar vertebrae, innervated by spinal nerves, and acting to extend the vertebral column.

interspinal muscles of neck  paired bands of muscle fibers extending between spinous processes of contiguous cervical vertebrae, innervated by spinal nerves, and acting to extend the vertebral column.

interspinal muscles of thorax  paired bands of muscle fibers extending between spinous processes of contiguous thoracic vertebrae, innervated by spinal nerves, and acting to extend the vertebral column.

intertransverse muscles  small muscles passing between the transverse processes of contiguous vertebrae, including the lateral and medial intertransverse muscles of the loins, the intertransverse muscles of the thorax, and the anterior and posterior intertransverse muscles of the neck.

involuntary muscle  one that is not under the control of the will.

ischiocavernous muscle  origin, ramus of ischium; insertion, crus of penis (crus of clitoris); innervation, perineal; action, maintains erection of penis (clitoris).

Landström's muscle  minute muscle fibers in the fascia around and behind the eyeball, attached in front to the anterior orbital fascia and eyelids.

latissimus dorsi muscle  origin, spines of lower thoracic vertebrae, lumbar and sacral vertebrae through thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, lower ribs, inferior angle of scapula; insertion, floor of intertubercular sulcus of humerus; innervation, thoracodorsal; action, adducts, extends, and rotates humerus medially.

levator muscle of angle of mouth  origin, canine fossa of maxilla; insertion, orbicularis oris and skin at angle of mouth; innervation, facial; action, raises angle of mouth.

levator ani muscle  a name applied collectively to important muscular components of the pelvic diaphragm, arising mainly from the back of the body of pubis and running backward toward the coccyx, including the pubococcygeus (levator muscle of prostate in male and pubovaginal in female), puborectal, and iliococcygeus muscles.

levator muscle of prostate  a part of the anterior portion of the pubococcygeus muscle, inserted in the prostate and the tendinous center of the perineum; innervated by sacral and pudendal nerves, it supports and compresses the prostate and is involved in control of micturition.

levator muscles of ribs  originating from the transverse processes of the seventh cervical and first to eleventh thoracic vertebrae and inserting medial to the angle of a lower rib; innervated by intercostal nerves and aiding in elevation of the ribs in respiration.

levator muscle of scapula  origin, transverse processes of four upper cervical vertebrae; insertion, medial border of scapula; innervation, third and fourth cervical; action, raises scapula.

levator muscle of thyroid gland  an inconstant muscle originating on the isthmus or pyramid of the thyroid gland and inserting on the body of the hyoid bone.

levator muscle of upper eyelid  origin, upper border of optic foramen; insertion, tarsal plate and skin of upper eyelid; innervation, oculomotor; action, raises upper lid.

levator muscle of upper lip  origin, lower orbital margin; insertion, muscle of upper lip; innervation, facial nerve; action, raises upper lip.

levator muscle of upper lip and ala of nose  origin, nasal process of maxilla; insertion, cartilage and skin of ala nasi, and upper lip; innervation, infraorbital branch of facial; action, raises upper lip and dilates nostril.

levator muscle of velum palatinum  origin, apex of petrous portion of temporal bone and cartilaginous part of auditory tube; insertion, aponeurosis of soft palate; innervation, pharyngeal plexus of vagus; action, raises soft palate.

lingual muscles  the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles that move the tongue.

long muscle of head  origin, transverse processes of third to sixth cervical vertebrae; insertion, basal portion of occipital bone; innervation, branches from first, second, and third cervical; action, flexes head.

long muscle of neck  origin, superior oblique portion—transverse processes of third to fifth cervical vertebrae; inferior oblique portion—bodies of first to third thoracic vertebrae; vertical portion—bodies of three upper thoracic and three lower cervical vertebrae; insertion, superior oblique portion—tubercle of anterior arch of atlas; inferior oblique portion—transverse processes of fifth and sixth cervical vertebrae; vertical portion— bodies of second to fourth cervical vertebrae; innervation, anterior cervical. action, flexes and supports cervical vertebrae.

longissimus muscle of head  origin, transverse processes of four or five upper thoracic vertebrae, articular processes of three or four lower cervical vertebrae; insertion, mastoid process of temporal bone; innervation, branches of cervical; action, draws head backward, rotates head.

longissimus muscle of neck  origin, transverse processes of four or five upper thoracic vertebrae; insertion, transverse processes of second to sixth cervical vertebrae; innervation, lower cervical and upper thoracic; action, extends cervical vertebrae.

longissimus muscle of thorax  origin, transverse and articular processes of lumbar vertebrae and thoracolumbar fascia; insertion, transverse processes of all thoracic vertebrae, nine or ten lower ribs; innervation, lumbar and thoracic; action, extends thoracic vertebrae.

longitudinal muscle of tongue, inferior  origin, inferior surface of tongue at base; insertion, tip of tongue; innervation, hypoglossal; action, changes shape of tongue in mastication and deglutition.

longitudinal muscle of tongue, superior  origin, submucosa and septum of tongue; insertion, margins of tongue; innervation, hypoglossal; action, changes shape of tongue in mastication and deglutition.

lumbrical muscles of foot  origin, tendons of long flexor muscles of toes; insertion, extensor tendons of four lateral toes; innervation, medial and lateral plantar; action, flex metatarsophalangeal joints, extend distal phalanges.

lumbrical muscles of hand  origin, tendons of deep flexor muscles of fingers; insertion, extensor tendons of four lateral fingers; innervation, median and ulnar; action, flex metacarpophalangeal joint and extend middle and distal phalanges.

masseter muscle  origin, superficial part—zygomatic process of maxilla and inferior border of zygomatic arch, deep part—inferior border and medial surface of zygomatic arch; insertion, superficial part—angle and ramus of mandible, deep part—superior half of ramus and lateral surface of coronoid process of mandible; innervation, mandibular division of trigeminal; action, raises mandible, closes jaws.

masticatory muscles  a group of muscles responsible for the movement of the jaws during mastication, including the masseter. temporal, and medial and lateral pterygoid muscles.

Müller's muscle 

1. the circular fibers of the ciliary muscle.

2. orbital muscle.

multifidus muscles  origin, sacrum, sacroiliac ligament, mammillary processes of lumbar, transverse processes of thoracic, and articular processes of cervical vertebrae; insertion, spines of contiguous vertebrae above; innervation, dorsal branches of spinal nerves; action, extend, rotate vertebral column.

mylohyoid muscle  origin, mylohyoid line of mandible; insertion, body of hyoid bone and median raphe; innervation, mylohyoid branch of inferior alveolar; action, elevates hyoid bone, supports floor of mouth.

nasal muscle  origin, maxilla; insertion, alar part—ala of nose, transverse part—by aponeurotic expansion with fellow of opposite side; innervation, facial; action, alar part—aids in widening nostril, transverse part—depresses cartilage of nose.

oblique muscle of abdomen, external  origin, lower eight ribs at costal cartilages; insertion, crest of ilium, linea alba through rectus sheath; innervation, lower intercostal; action, flexes and rotates vertebral column, compresses abdominal viscera.

oblique muscle of abdomen, internal  origin, inguinal ligament, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia; insertion, inferior three or four costal cartilages, linea alba, conjoined tendon to pubis; innervation, lower intercostal; action, flexes and rotates vertebral column, compresses abdominal viscera.

oblique muscle of auricle  origin, cranial surface of concha; insertion, cranial surface of auricle above concha; innervation, temporal and posterior auricular (branches of facial).

oblique muscle of eyeball, inferior  origin, orbital plate of maxilla; insertion, sclera; innervation, oculomotor; action, rotates eyeball upward and outward.

oblique muscle of eyeball, superior  origin, lesser wing of sphenoid above optic foramen; insertion, sclera; innervation, trochlear; action, rotates eyeball downward and outward.

oblique muscle of head, inferior  origin, spinous process of axis; insertion, transverse process of atlas; innervation, dorsal branches of spinal nerves; action, rotates atlas and head.

oblique muscle of head, superior  origin, transverse process of atlas; insertion, occipital bone; innervation, dorsal branches of spinal nerves; action, extends and moves head laterally.

obturator muscle, external  origin, pubis, ischium, and superficial surface of obturator membrane; insertion, trochanteric fossa of femur; innervation, obturator; action, rotates thigh laterally.

obturator muscle, internal  origin, pelvic surface of hip bone, margin of obturator foramen, ramus of ischium, inferior ramus of pubis, internal surface of obturator membrane; insertion, greater trochanter of femur; innervation, fifth lumbar, first and second sacral; action, rotates thigh laterally.

occipitofrontal muscle  origin, frontal belly—galea aponeurotica, occipital belly— highest nuchal line of occipital bone; insertion, frontal belly—skin of eyebrows and root of nose, occipital belly—galea aponeurotica; innervation, frontal belly—temporal branch of facial, occipital belly—posterior auricular branch of facial; action, frontal belly—raises eyebrows, occipital belly—draws scalp posteriorly.

omohyoid muscle  a muscle comprising two bellies (superior and inferior) connected by a central tendon that is bound to the clavicle by a fibrous expansion of the cervical fascia; origin, superior border of scapula; insertion, lateral border of hyoid bone; innervation, upper cervical through ansa cervicalis; action, depresses hyoid bone.

opposing muscle of little finger  origin, hook of hamate bone, transverse carpal ligament; insertion W>, medial aspect of fifth metacarpal; innervation, eighth cervical through ulnar; action, rotates, abducts, and flexes fifth metacarpal.

opposing muscle of thumb  origin, ridge of trapezium, flexor retinaculum; insertion, radial side of first metacarpal; innervation, sixth and seventh cervical through median; action, flexes and opposes thumb.

orbicular muscle  one that encircles a body opening, e.g., the eye or mouth.

orbicular muscle of eye , orbicularis oculi muscle the oval sphincter muscle surrounding the eyelids, consisting of three parts: origin, orbital part—medial margin of orbit, including frontal process of maxilla, palpebral part—medial canthus, medial palpebral ligament, lacrimal part—posterior lacrimal crest; insertion, orbital part—near origin after encircling orbit, palpebral part—fibers intertwine to form lateral palpebral raphe, lacrimal part—lateral palpebral raphe, upper and lower tarsi; innervation, facial; action, closes eyelids, wrinkles forehead, compresses lacrimal sac.

orbicular muscle of mouth  a name applied to a complicated sphincter muscle of mouth, comprising a labial part, fibers restricted to the lips, and a marginal part, fibers blending with those of adjacent muscles; innervation, facial; action, closes and protrudes lips.

orbital muscle  a thin layer of nonstriated muscle that bridges the inferior orbital fissure and inserts in the fascia of inferior orbital fissure; innervation, sympathetic branches; action, protrudes eye.

palatoglossus muscle  origin, undersurface of soft palate; insertion, side of tongue; innervation, pharyngeal plexus of vagus; action, elevates tongue, constricts fauces.

palatopharyngeal muscle  one of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx; origin, soft palate; insertion, aponeurosis of pharynx, dorsal border of thyroid cartilage; innervation, pharyngeal plexus of vagus; action, aids in deglutition.

palmar muscle, long  origin, medial epicondyle of humerus; insertion, flexor retinaculum, palmar aponeurosis; innervation, median; action, flexes wrist joint.

palmar muscle, short  origin, palmar aponeurosis; insertion, skin of medial border of hand; innervation, ulnar; action, assists in deepening hollow of palm.

papillary muscles  conical muscular projections from the walls of the cardiac ventricles, attached to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves by the chordae tendineae. There is an anterior and a posterior papillary muscle in each ventricle, as well as a group of small papillary muscles on the septum in the right ventricle.

pectinate muscles  a name applied to small ridges of muscle fibers projecting from the inner walls of the auricles of the heart, and extending in the right atrium from the auricle to the crista terminalis.

pectineal muscle  origin, pectineal line of pubis; insertion, femur distal to lesser trochanter; innervation, obturator and femoral; action, flexes, adducts thigh.

pectoral muscle, greater  origin, clavicle, sternum, six upper ribs, aponeurosis of external oblique muscle of abdomen. These origins are reflected in the subdivision of the muscle into clavicular, sternocostal, and abdominal parts; insertion, crest of greater tubercle of humerus; innervation, medial and lateral pectoral; action, adducts, flexes, rotates arm medially.

pectoral muscle, smaller  origin, third, fourth, and fifth ribs; insertion, coracoid process of scapula; innervation, lateral and medial pectoral; action, draws shoulder forward and downward, raises third, fourth, and fifth ribs in forced inspiration.

peroneal muscle, long  long fibular m.

peroneal muscle, short  short fibular m.

peroneal muscle, third  third fibular m.

pharyngeal muscles  the muscular coat of the pharynx, comprising the three constrictor muscles and the stylopharyngeal, salpingopharyngeal, and palatopharyngeal muscles.

piriform muscle  origin, ilium, second to fourth sacral vertebrae; insertion, upper border of greater trochanter; innervation, first and second sacral; action, rotates thigh laterally.

plantar muscle  origin, oblique popliteal ligament, lateral supracondylar line of femur; insertion, posterior part of calcaneus; innervation, tibial; action, plantar flexes foot.

pleuroesophageal muscle  a bundle of smooth muscle usually connecting the esophagus with the left mediastinal pleura.

popliteal muscle  origin, lateral condyle of femur, lateral meniscus; insertion, posterior surface of tibia; innervation, tibial; action, flexes leg, rotates leg medially.

procerus muscle  origin, fascia over nasal bone; insertion, skin of forehead; innervation, facial; action, draws medial angle of eyebrows down.

pronator muscle, quadrate  pronator quadratus m.

pronator muscle, round  pronator teres m.

pronator quadratus muscle  origin, anterior surface and border of distal third or fourth of ulna; insertion, anterior surface and border of distal fourth of shaft of radius; innervation, anterior interosseous; action, pronates hand.

pronator teres muscle  origin, humeral head—medial epicondyle of humerus, ulnar head— coronoid process of ulna; insertion, lateral surface of radius; innervation, median; action, pronates hand and flexes elbow.

psoas muscle, greater  origin, lumbar vertebrae; insertion, lesser trochanter of femur; innervation, second and third lumbar; action, flexes thigh or trunk.

psoas muscle, smaller  origin, last thoracic and first lumbar vertebrae; insertion, arcuate line, iliopectineal eminence, iliac fascia; innervation, first lumbar; action, flexes trunk.

pterygoid muscle, external  lateral pterygoid m.

pterygoid muscle, internal  medial pterygoid m.

pterygoid muscle, lateral  origin, superior head—lateral surface of greater wing of sphenoid and infratemporal crest; inferior head—lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate; insertion, neck of condyle of mandible, temporomandibular joint capsule; innervation, mandibular division of trigeminal; action, protrudes mandible, opens jaws, moves mandible from side to side.

pterygoid muscle, medial  origin, lateral pterygoid plate, tuberosity of maxilla; insertion, medial surface of ramus and angle of mandible; innervation, mandibular division of trigeminal; action, closes jaws.

pubococcygeus muscle  the anterior portion of the levator ani muscle, originating anterior to the obturator canal; insertion, anococcygeal ligament and side of coccyx; innervation, third and fourth sacral; action, helps support pelvic viscera and resist increases in intra-abdominal pressure.

puboprostatic muscle  smooth muscle fibers contained within the medial puboprostatic ligament, which pass from the prostate anteriorly to the pubic bone.

puborectal muscle  a portion of the levator ani muscle having a more lateral origin from the pubic bone, and continuous posteriorly with the corresponding muscle of the opposite side; innervation, third and fourth sacral; action, helps support pelvic viscera and resist increases in intra-abdominal pressure.

pubovaginal muscle  a part of the anterior portion of the pubococcygeus muscle, which is inserted into the urethra and vagina; innervated by the sacral and pudendal nerves, it is involved in control of micturition.

pubovesical muscle  smooth muscle fibers extending from the neck of the urinary bladder to the pubis.

pyloric sphincter muscle  pyloric sphincter.

pyramidal muscle  origin, anterior aspect of pubis, anterior pubic ligament; insertion, linea alba; innervation, last thoracic; action, tenses abdominal wall.

pyramidal muscle of auricle  an inconstant prolongation of the fibers of the muscle of tragus to the spine of helix.

quadrate muscle of loins  origin, crest of ilium, thoracolumbar fascia, lumbar vertebrae; insertion, twelfth rib, transverse processes of four upper lumbar vertebrae; innervation, first and second lumbar and twelfth thoracic; action, flexes lumbar vertebrae laterally.

quadrate muscle of lower lip  depressor m. of lower lip.

quadrate muscle of sole  origin, calcaneus and plantar fascia; insertion, tendons of long flexor muscle of toes; innervation, lateral plantar; action, aids in flexing toes.

quadrate muscle of thigh  origin, upper part of lateral border of tuberosity of ischium; insertion, quadrate tubercle of femur, intertrochanteric crest; innervation, fourth and fifth lumbar and first sacral; action, adducts, rotates thigh laterally.

quadrate muscle of upper lip  levator m. of upper lip.

quadriceps muscle of thigh  a name applied collectively to the rectus muscle of thigh and the intermediate, lateral, and medial vastus muscles, inserting by a common tendon that surrounds the patella and ends on the tuberosity of the tibia, and acting to extend the leg upon the thigh.

rectococcygeus muscle  smooth muscle fibers originating on the anterior surface of the second and third coccygeal vertebrae and inserting on the posterior surface of the rectum, innervated by autonomic nerves, and acting to retract and elevate the rectum.

rectourethral muscles  bands of smooth muscle fibers extending from the perineal flexure of the rectum to the membranous urethra in the male.

rectouterine muscle  a band of fibers running between the cervix of the uterus and the rectum, in the rectouterine fold.

rectovesical muscle  a band of fibers in the male, connecting the longitudinal musculature of the rectum with the external muscular coat of the bladder.

rectus abdominis muscle  origin, pubis; insertion, xiphoid process, cartilages of fifth, sixth, and seventh ribs; innervation, branches of lower thoracic; action, flexes lumbar vertebrae, supports abdomen.

rectus muscle of eyeball, inferior  origin, common tendinous ring; insertion, underside of sclera; innervation, oculomotor; action, adducts, rotates eyeball downward and medially.

rectus muscle of eyeball, lateral  origin, common tendinous ring; insertion, lateral side of sclera; innervation, abducens; action, abducts eyeball.

rectus muscle of eyeball, medial  origin, common tendinous ring; insertion, medial side of sclera; innervation, oculomotor; action, adducts eyeball.

rectus muscle of eyeball, superior  origin, common tendinous ring; insertion, upper aspect of sclera; innervation, oculomotor; action, adducts, rotates eyeball upward and medially.

rectus muscle of head, anterior  origin, lateral mass of atlas; insertion, basilar process of occipital bone; innervation, first and second cervical; action, flexes, supports head.

rectus muscle of head, lateral  origin, upper surface of transverse process of atlas; insertion, jugular process of occipital bone; innervation, first and second cervical; action, flexes, supports head.

rectus muscle of head, posterior, greater  origin, spinous process of axis; insertion, occipital bone; innervation, suboccipital and greater occipital; action, extends head.

rectus muscle of head, posterior, lesser  origin, tubercle on dorsal arch of atlas; insertion, occipital bone; innervation, suboccipital and greater occipital; action, extends head.

rectus muscle of thigh  origin, anterior inferior iliac spine, rim of acetabulum; insertion, patella, tubercle of tibia; innervation, femoral; action, extends leg, flexes thigh.

Reisseisen's muscles  the smooth muscle fibers of the smallest bronchi.

rhomboid muscle, greater  origin, spinous processes of second, third, fourth, and fifth thoracic vertebrae; insertion, medial margin of scapula; innervation, dorsal scapular; action, retracts, elevates scapula.

rhomboid muscle, lesser  origin, spinous processes of seventh cervical to first thoracic vertebrae, lower part of nuchal ligament; insertion, medial margin of scapula at root of the spine; innervation, dorsal scapular; action, adducts, elevates scapula.

risorius muscle  origin, fascia over masseter; insertion, skin at angle of mouth; innervation, buccal branch of facial; action, draws angle of mouth laterally.

rotator muscles  a series of small muscles deep in the groove between the spinous and transverse processes of the vertebrae; innervation, spinal; action, extend and rotate vertebral column toward opposite side.

Ruysch's muscle  the muscular tissue of the fundus uteri.

sacrococcygeal muscle, anterior  a musculotendinous slip passing from the lower sacral vertebrae to the coccyx.

sacrococcygeal muscle, posterior  a muscular slip passing from the posterior aspect of the sacrum to the coccyx.

sacrospinal muscle  erector m. of spine.

salpingopharyngeal muscle  origin, auditory tube near its orifice; insertion, posterior part of palatopharyngeal muscle; innervation, pharyngeal plexus of vagus; action, raises nasopharynx.

sartorius muscle  origin, anterior superior iliac spine; insertion, medial side of proximal end of tibia; innervation, femoral; action, flexes thigh and leg.

scalene muscle, anterior  origin, transverse processes of third to sixth cervical vertebrae; insertion, scalene tubercle of first rib; innervation, second to seventh cervical; action, raises first rib, flexes cervical vertebrae forward and laterally, rotates cervical vertebrae to opposite side.

scalene muscle, middle  origin, transverse processes of second to sixth cervical vertebrae; insertion, upper surface of first rib; innervation, second to seventh cervical; action, raises first rib, flexes cervical vertebrae laterally.

scalene muscle, posterior  origin, posterior tubercles of transverse processes of fourth to sixth cervical vertebrae; insertion, second rib; innervation, second to seventh cervical; action, raises first and second ribs, flexes cervical vertebrae laterally.

scalene muscle, smallest  a band occasionally found between the anterior and middle scalene muscles.

semimembranous muscle  origin, tuberosity of ischium; insertion, medial condyle and border of tibia, lateral condyle of femur; innervation, tibial; action, flexes and rotates leg medially, extends thigh.

semipennate muscle  a muscle in which the fiber bundles approach the tendon of insertion from only one direction and are inserted through only a small segment of its circumference.

semispinal muscle of head  origin, transverse processes of five or six upper thoracic and four lower cervical vertebrae; insertion, occipital bone; innervation, suboccipital, greater occipital, and branches of cervical; action, extends head.

semispinal muscle of neck  origin, transverse processes of five or six upper thoracic vertebrae; insertion, spinous processes of second to fifth cervical vertebrae; innervation, branches of cervical; action, extends, rotates vertebral column.

semispinal muscle of thorax  origin, transverse processes of sixth to tenth thoracic vertebrae; insertion, spinous processes of two lower cervical and four upper thoracic vertebrae; innervation, spinal nerves; action, extends, rotates vertebral column.

semitendinous muscle  origin, tuberosity of ischium; insertion, upper part of medial surface of tibia; innervation, tibial; action, flexes and rotates leg medially, extends thigh.

serratus muscle, anterior  origin, eight or nine upper ribs; insertion, medial border of scapula; innervation, long thoracic; action, draws scapula forward; rotates scapula to raise shoulder in abduction of arm.

serratus muscle, inferior posterior  origin, spines of two lower thoracic and two or three upper lumbar vertebrae; insertion, inferior border of four lower ribs; innervation, ninth to twelfth thoracic; action, lowers ribs in expiration.

serratus muscle, superior posterior  origin, nuchal ligament, spinous processes of upper thoracic vertebrae; insertion, second, third, fourth, and fifth ribs; innervation, first four thoracic; action, raises ribs in inspiration.

skeletal muscles  striated muscles attached to bones, which cross at least one joint.

smooth muscle  nonstriated, involuntary muscle.

soleus muscle  origin, fibula, popliteal fascia, tibia; insertion, calcaneus by Achilles tendon; innervation, tibial; action, plantar flexes foot.

sphincter muscle of anus, external  origin, tip of coccyx, anococcygeal ligament; insertion, tendinous center of perineum; innervation, inferior rectal and fourth sacral; action, closes anus.

sphincter muscle of anus, internal  a thickening of the circular lamina of the muscular tunic at the caudal end of the rectum.

sphincter muscle of bile duct  an annular sheath of muscle that invests the bile duct within the wall of the duodenum.

sphincter muscle of female urethra, external  origin, ramus of pubis; insertion, median raphe behind and in front of urethra; innervation, perineal; action, compresses the central part of the urethra.

sphincter muscle of hepatopancreatic ampulla  sphincter of Oddi.

sphincter muscle of male urethra, external  origin, ramus of pubis; insertion, median raphe behind and in front of urethra; innervation, perineal; action, compresses the membranous part of the urethra.

sphincter muscle of pupil  circular fibers of the iris, innervated by the ciliary nerves (parasympathetic), and acting to contract the pupil.

sphincter muscle of pylorus  pyloric sphincter.

sphincter muscle of urethra, internal , sphincter muscle of urinary bladder a circular layer of smooth muscle fibers surrounding the internal urethral orifice in males, innervated by the vesical nerve, and acting to close the internal orifice of the urethra. No such structure exists in females.

spinal muscle of head  origin, spines of upper thoracic and lower cervical vertebrae; insertion, occipital bone; innervation, spinal nerves; action, extends head.

spinal muscle of neck  origin, spinous processes of seventh cervical and sometimes two upper thoracic vertebrae; insertion, spinous processes of axis and sometimes of second to fourth cervical vertebrae; innervation, branches of cervical; action, extends vertebral column.

spinal muscle of thorax  origin, spinous processes of two upper lumbar and two lower thoracic; insertion, spines of upper thoracic vertebrae; innervation, branches of spinal nerves; action, extends vertebral column.

splenius muscle of head  origin, lower half of nuchal ligament, spines of seventh cervical and three upper thoracic vertebrae; insertion, mastoid process of temporal bone, occipital bone; innervation, middle and lower cervical; action, extends, rotates head.

splenius muscle of neck  origin, spinous processes of third to sixth thoracic vertebrae; insertion, transverse processes of two or three upper cervical vertebrae; innervation, dorsal branches of lower cervical; action, extends, rotates head and neck.

stapedius muscle  origin, interior of pyramid of tympanic cavity; insertion, posterior surface of neck of stapes; innervation, stapedial branch of facial; action, dampens stapedial movement.

sternal muscle  a band occasionally found parallel to the sternum on the sternocostal head of the greater pectoral muscle.

sternocleidomastoid muscle  origin, sternal head—manubrium, clavicular head—clavicle; insertion, mastoid process and superior nuchal line of occipital bone; innervation, accessory nerve and cervical plexus; action, flexes vertebral column, rotates head.

sternocostal muscle  transverse m. of thorax.

sternohyoid muscle  origin, manubrium and clavicle; insertion, body of hyoid bone; innervation, upper ansa cervicalis; action, depresses hyoid bone and larynx.

sternothyroid muscle  origin, manubrium; insertion, lamina of thyroid cartilage; innervation, ansa cervicalis; action, depresses thyroid cartilage.

striated muscle , striped muscle any muscle whose fibers are divided by transverse bands into striations; such muscles are voluntary.

styloglossus muscle  origin, styloid process; insertion, margin of tongue; innervation, hypoglossal; action, raises and retracts tongue.

stylohyoid muscle  origin, styloid process; insertion, body of hyoid bone; innervation, facial; action, draws hyoid and tongue superiorly and posteriorly.

stylopharyngeus muscle  one of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx; origin, styloid process; insertion, thyroid cartilage and pharyngeal constrictors; innervation, pharyngeal plexus, glossopharyngeal; action, raises and dilates pharynx.

subclavius muscle  origin, first rib and its cartilage; insertion, lower surface of clavicle; innervation, fifth and sixth cervical; action, depresses lateral end of clavicle.

subcostal muscles  origin, inner surface of ribs: insertion, inner surface of first, second, third rib below; innervation, intercostal; action, draw adjacent ribs together, depress ribs.

subscapular muscle  origin, subscapular fossa of scapula; insertion, lesser tubercle of humerus; innervation, subscapular; action, rotates humerus medially.

supinator muscle  origin, lateral epicondyle of humerus, ulna, elbow joint fascia; insertion, radius; innervation, deep radial; action, supinates hand.

supraspinous muscle  origin, supraspinous fossa of scapula; insertion, greater tubercle of humerus; innervation, suprascapular; action, abducts humerus.

suspensory muscle of duodenum  a flat band of smooth muscle originating from the left crus of the diaphragm, and continuous with the muscular coat of the duodenum at its junction with the jejunum.

synergic muscles , synergistic muscles those that assist one another in action.

tarsal muscle, inferior  origin, inferior rectus muscle; insertion, tarsal plate of lower eyelid; innervation, sympathetic; action, widens palpebral fissure.

tarsal muscle, superior  origin, levator muscle of upper eyelid; insertion, tarsal plate of upper eyelid; innervation, sympathetic; action, widens palpebral fissure.

temporal muscle  origin, temporal fossa and fascia; insertion, coronoid process of mandible; innervation, mandibular; action, closes jaws.

temporoparietal muscle  origin, temporal fascia above ear; insertion, galea aponeurotica; innervation, temporal branches of facial; action, tightens scalp.

tensor muscle of fascia lata  origin, iliac crest; insertion, iliotibial band of fascia lata; innervation, superior gluteal; action, flexes, rotates thigh medially.

tensor tympani muscle , tensor muscle of tympanic membrane origin, cartilaginous portion of auditory tube; insertion, manubrium of malleus; innervation, mandibular; action, tenses tympanic membrane.

tensor veli palatini muscle , tensor muscle of velum palatinum origin, scaphoid fossa of pterygoid process, wall of auditory tube, spine of sphenoid; insertion, aponeurosis of soft palate, horizontal part of palatine bone; innervation, mandibular; action, tenses soft palate, opens auditory tube.

teres major muscle  origin, inferior angle of scapula; insertion, crest of intertubercular sulcus of humerus; innervation, lower subscapular; action, adducts, extends, rotates arm medially.

teres minor muscle  origin, lateral margin of scapula; insertion, greater tuberosity of humerus; innervation, axillary; action, rotates arm laterally.

muscle of terminal notch  an inconstant muscular slip continuing forward from the muscle of tragus to bridge the cartilaginous part of the meatus.

thenar muscles  the abductor and flexor muscles of the thumb.

thyroarytenoid muscle  one of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx; origin, lamina of thyroid cartilage; insertion, muscular process of arytenoid cartilage; innervation, recurrent laryngeal; action, relaxes, shortens vocal folds.

thyroepiglottic muscle  fibers of the thyroarytenoid muscle that continue to the margin of the epiglottis; it closes the inlet to the larynx.

thyrohyoid muscle  origin, lamina of thyroid cartilage; insertion, greater cornu of hyoid bone; innervation, first cervical; action, raises and changes form of larynx.

tibial muscle, anterior  origin, lateral condyle and lateral surface of tibia, interosseous membrane; insertion, medial cuneiform and base of first metatarsal; innervation, deep peroneal; action, dorsiflexes and inverts foot.

tibial muscle, posterior  origin, tibia, fibula, interosseous membrane; insertion, bases of second to fourth metatarsals and tarsals, except talus; innervation, tibial; action, plantar flexes and inverts foot.

tracheal muscle  a transverse layer of smooth fibers in the dorsal portion of the trachea; insertion, tracheal cartilages; innervation, autonomic fibers; action, lessens caliber of trachea.

muscle of tragus  a short, flattened vertical band on the lateral surface of the tragus, innervated by the auriculotemporal and posterior auricular nerves.

transverse abdominal muscle  origin, cartilages of six lower ribs, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, inguinal ligament; insertion, linea alba through rectus sheath, conjoined tendon to pubis; innervation, lower intercostals, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal; action, compresses abdominal viscera.

transverse muscle of auricle  origin, cranial surface of auricle; insertion, circumference of auricle; innervation, posterior auricular; action, retracts helix.

transverse muscle of chin  superficial fibers of the depressor muscle of the angle of the mouth which turn medially and cross to the opposite side.

transverse muscle of neck  a small muscle often present, passing from the occipital protuberance to the posterior auricular muscle; it may be either superficial or deep to the trapezius muscle.

transverse perineal muscle, deep  origin, ramus of ischium; insertion, tendinous center of perineum; innervation, perineal; action, fixes tendinous center of perineum.

transverse perineal muscle, superficial  origin, ramus of ischium; insertion, tendinous center of perineum; innervation, perineal; action, fixes tendinous center of perineum.

transverse muscle of thorax  origin, mediastinal surface of sternum and of xiphoid process; insertion, cartilages of second to sixth ribs; innervation, intercostal; action, draws ribs downward.

transverse muscle of tongue  origin, median septum of tongue; insertion, dorsum and margins of tongue; innervation, hypoglossal; action, changes shape of tongue in mastication and deglutition.

transversospinal muscles  a name applied collectively to the semispinal, multifidus, and rotator muscles.

trapezius muscle  origin, occipital bone, nuchal ligament, spinous processes of seventh cervical and all thoracic vertebrae; insertion, clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula; innervation, accessory nerve and cervical plexus; action, rotates scapula to raise shoulder in abduction of arm, draws scapula backward.

triangular muscle  a muscle that is triangular in shape.

triceps muscle of arm , triceps brachii muscle origin, long head—infraglenoid tubercle of scapula, lateral head—posterior surface of humerus, lateral border of humerus, lateral intermuscular septum, medial head—posterior surface of humerus below radial groove, medial border of humerus, medial intermuscular septa; insertion, olecranon of ulna; innervation, radial; action, extends forearm, long head adducts and extends arm.

triceps muscle of calf , triceps surae muscle the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles considered together.

muscle of uvula  origin, posterior nasal spine of palatine bone and aponeurosis of soft palate; insertion, uvula; innervation, pharyngeal plexus of vagus; action, raises uvula.

vastus muscle, intermediate  origin, anterior and lateral surfaces of femur; insertion, patella, common tendon of quadriceps muscle of thigh; innervation, femoral; action, extends leg.

vastus muscle, lateral  origin, capsule of hip joint, lateral aspect of femur; insertion, patella, common tendon of quadriceps muscle of thigh; innervation, femoral; action, extends leg.

vastus muscle, medial  origin, medial aspect of femur; insertion, patella, common tendon of quadriceps muscle of thigh; innervation, femoral; action, extends leg.

vertical muscle of tongue  origin, dorsal fascia of tongue; insertion, sides and base of tongue; innervation, hypoglossal; action, changes shape of tongue in mastication and deglutition.

vocal muscle  one of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx; origin, angle between laminae of thyroid cartilage; insertion, vocal process of arytenoid cartilage; innervation, recurrent laryngeal; action, shortens and relaxes vocal folds.

voluntary muscle  any muscle that is normally under the control of the will.

yoked muscles  those that normally act simultaneously and equally, as in moving the eyes.

zygomatic muscle, greater  origin, zygomatic bone in front of temporal process; insertion, angle of mouth; innervation, facial; action, draws angle of mouth backward and upward.

zygomatic muscle, lesser  origin, zygomatic bone near maxillary suture; insertion, orbicular muscle of mouth and levator muscle of upper lip; innervation, facial; action, draws upper lip upward and laterally.

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Horner's muscle

a branch of the orbicularis oculi muscle which passes behind the lacrimal gland and contributes to the lacrimal pump.

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syndrome 

The aggregate of signs and symptoms associated with a disease, lesion, anomaly, etc.
A syndrome See A pattern.
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome  (AIDS) A viral disease characterized by a relentless transition from asymptomatic lymphadenopathy to a wasting condition with infections (e.g. pneumonia, toxoplasmosis) and malignancies (e.g. Kaposi's sarcoma). It has a long incubation period and a poor prognosis. It is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which breaks down the immune response and is transmitted by exchange of body fluids (e.g. blood, semen) or transfused blood products. In the eye the disease may be accompanied by cotton-wool spots in the retina (the most frequent of the ocular complications), retinal haemorrhages, cytomegalovirus retinitis which is the major cause of visual loss, toxoplasmosis chorioretinitis, herpes zoster ophthalmicus, papilloedema, central retinal vein occlusion (the rarest of ocular complications); limitations of eye movements and pupil abnormalities, reddish-purple nodular tumours in the eyelids and conjunctiva as part of Kaposi's sarcoma. See progressive outer retinal necrosis; cytomegalovirus retinitis; viral uveitis.
adherence syndrome An uncommon complication of strabismus surgery where the posterior Tenon's capsule is violated, allowing retrobulbar fat to scar and adhere to the ocular surface. The scarring produces a restriction in ocular movements and thus a form of restrictive strabismus. It can be diagnosed by a positive forced duction test and/or a restriction in ocular motility. The condition can be prevented by careful strabismus surgical technique and care not to disturb the posterior Tenon's capsule. Syn. adhesive syndrome; cicatricial syndrome.
Adie's syndrome A dilated pupil in which all reactions to light are barely existent, together with the absence of tendon reflexes. It typically affects adult women. Syn. Holmes-Adie syndrome. See anisocoria; Adie's pupil; pupil light reflex.
Aicardi's syndrome An inherited disorder seen in females, consisting of retinal, optic nerve as well as central nervous system abnormalities. Retinal findings consist of multiple, round, chorioretinal depigmented lesions. Additional abnormalities include optic nerve head colobomas, microphthalmos, agenesis of the corpus callosum, seizures and retardation.
Alagille syndrome An autosomal dominant inherited disorder of the liver accompanied with abnormalities of the heart, spine and face. Ocular findings include posterior embryotoxon, hypertelorism, iris abnormalities, optic disc drusen and fundus hypopigmentation.
Albright's syndrome A disorder characterized by a host of findings, including cutaneous pigmentation, precocious puberty in females, and fibrous dysplasia of the orbital bone/s, which may lead to proptosis and optic atrophy.
anterior chamber cleavage syndrome See Peter's anomaly.
Andersen-Warburg syndrome See Norrie's disease.
Anton's syndrome Bilateral blindness characterized by a lack of awareness of being blind and near normal pupil reflexes. It is due to a destruction of the cortical visual area. See cortical blindness.
Apert's syndrome Congenital craniofacial malformation due to premature fusion of the cranial sutures. Some cases are inherited as autosomal dominant and caused by mutation in the gene encoding fibroblast growth factor receptor-2 (FGFR2). It is characterized by an abnormally high, peaked or conically shaped head and complete or partial webbing of the fingers and toes. There is also intellectual retardation in many cases. The ocular signs include shallow orbits with prominent globes, hypertelorism, strabismus, reduced visual acuity and, as a result of hydrocephalus, the patient may have optic atrophy. Syn. acrocephalosyndactyly. See Crouzon's syndrome.
Axenfeld's syndrome A rare, inherited disease characterized by the adhesion of strands of peripheral iris tissue to a prominent Schwalbe's line. It may be associated with glaucoma. Syn. Axenfeld's anomaly. See Peter's anomaly; Rieger's syndrome.
Balint's syndrome An entity characterized by an inability to fixate voluntarily in different parts of the visual field, to see two objects simultaneously (simultanagnosia) and to mislocate when reaching for, or pointing to, an object (ocular apraxia). Patient has normal visual acuity. This is usually due to a bilateral lesion of an area within the parieto-occipital region of the brain. Syn. Balint-Holmes syndrome. See ocular motor apraxia; simultanagnosia.
Bardet-Biedl syndrome See Laurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl syndrome.
Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome An autosomal recessive hereditary disorder characterized by a congenital inability to absorb fats. By the end of the first decade of life the patient develops pigmentary retinopathy, which resembles retinitis pigmentosa, although the pigment clumps are scattered throughout the fundus and not confined to the periphery, and night blindness. Treatment with large doses of vitamin A may retard the progression of the condition. Syn. abetalipoproteinaemia; acanthocytosis.
Behçet's syndrome Disease consisting of ulceration of the mouth and genital region with anterior uveitis typically with hypopyon and retinal infiltrates. This disease tends to recur at regular intervals. It usually affects individuals below the age of 40 and in some 20% of cases the eye becomes blind about 3 years after the onset of ocular symptoms. See immunosuppressants.
Benedikt's syndrome A syndrome caused by a lesion (usually vascular) within the midbrain. It is characterized by an ipsilateral third nerve paralysis and ataxia and tremor of the limbs on the other side of the body. See paralysis of the third nerve; Weber's syndrome.
Bernard-Horner syndrome See Horner's syndrome.
blepharophimosis syndrome A rare, autosomal dominant inherited disorder characterized by ptosis, poor levator function, shorter than normal width of the palpebral aperture, telecanthus, and commonly epicanthus inversus, partial ectropion of the lower lid and flattening of the supraorbital ridges. Amblyopia and strabismus are present in about half of the cases. The syndrome is caused by mutations in the FOXL2 gene on chromosome 3. Treatment usually begins with surgical correction of the epicanthus and telecanthus, before ptosis surgery. See blepharophimosis; congenital ectropion.
blind spot syndrome See Swann's syndrome.
Brown's superior oblique tendon sheath syndrome This syndrome is characterized by limitation of elevation of the eye in adduction, but normal or near normal elevation when the eye is in abduction. There is limitation of movement of the affected eye in the forced duction test when attempting to elevate the eye from the adducted position. The eyes are usually straight in the primary position. The condition seems to be due to a short tendon sheath of the superior oblique muscle and an apparent anomaly of the inferior oblique muscle. It may be congenital and idiopathic or acquired due to inflammation of the tendon as a result of scleritis or rheumatoid arthritis. Syn. Brown's syndrome; sheath syndrome; superior oblique sheath syndrome. See Faden procedure.
cat's eye syndrome A condition caused by an extra fragment of a copy of chromosome 22. It is characterized by partial iris coloboma (usually a vertical portion) which makes the patient's eye look like a cat's eye. There are also optic disc coloboma, optic nerve degeneration and microphthalmos. The systemic manifestations include mental and growth retardation and low-set or malformed ears.
Chandler's syndrome A syndrome characterized by a severe corneal endothelial degeneration resulting in corneal oedema and blurred vision. There is also mild iris atrophy and secondary glaucoma. It tends to affect mainly women between 20 and 40 years of age. The therapy is aimed at treating the glaucoma. Syn. iridocorneal syndrome. See ICE syndrome.
Charles Bonnet syndrome A rare condition characterized by visual hallucinations in an individual who is aware of the unreal nature of the hallucinations. Almost all subjects have reduced visual acuity bilaterally. The condition is often associated with age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, other retinal diseases or cataracts.
Cogan's syndrome See interstitial keratitis.
Cogan-Reese syndrome See ICE syndrome.
computer vision syndrome  (CVS) A condition resulting from extensive viewing of computer screens or video display terminals (VDT) or visual display units (VDU). The patient may complain of eyestrain, dry red eyes, headaches, transient blurred vision or diplopia, as well as neckache or backache. The ocular symptoms are caused by continuous accommodative demands produced by the pixels or tiny dots of the computer screen that are difficult to keep in focus, unlike print on a page. Other causes are frequent saccadic eye movements, convergence demands and position of the screen. Management includes exact correction for the distance at which the VDT appears, viewing it about 10º-20º below the straight-ahead position and special dispensing.
corneal exhaustion syndrome An intolerance to continue wearing contact lenses after many years of wear, probably due to endothelial dysfunction as a result of chronic hypoxia and acidosis. It occurs primarily with PMMA lenses, but also with other lenses with low oxygen transmissibility. Some of the signs associated with this syndrome are: endothelial polymegethism, corneal oedema, loss of corneal sensitivity, variations in corneal curvature and refractive error, blurred vision, lacrimation, hyperaemia and discomfort. Management usually consists in discontinuing contact lens wear. Refitting with lenses with high oxygen transmissibility is often successful. Syn. corneal fatigue syndrome; corneal exhaustion phenomenon. See hypoxia; overwear syndrome.
corneal fatigue syndrome See corneal exhaustion syndrome.
Cornelia de Lange syndrome A congenital anomaly characterized by growth and mental retardation, limb malformation, syndactyly, bushy eyebrows meeting in the midline, hairline down on the forehead, depressed bridge of the nose and low-set ears. Ocular manifestations may include ptosis, nystagmus, microcornea and most commonly high myopia. The pathogenesis of the condition is unknown.
Crouzon's syndrome An autosomal dominant inherited craniofacial malformation due to premature fusion of the cranial sutures. It is characterized by an abnormally wide cranium, high forehead, short anteroposterior head distance. The ocular signs include exophthalmos, hypertelorism, ectopia lentis, iris coloboma and strabismus. The incidence of this syndrome is much higher than that of Apert's syndrome, another craniofacial anomaly.
dorsal midbrain syndrome See Parinaud's syndrome.
Down's syndrome A chromosomal abnormality, trisomy 21, which causes intellectual and physical handicaps with small stature, obesity and developmental heart defects, etc. Ocular signs include epicanthus, blepharoconjunctivitis, cataract, keratoconus, nystagmus and iris spots (Brushfield's). Cases of high myopia are noted but most subjects tend to have hyperopia and there is a high prevalence of strabismus. Visual acuity is also reduced, even after correction of the ametropia. Syn. trisomy 21 syndrome.
Duane's syndrome A complex disorder found in about 1% of patients with strabismus, it occurs in three different types. All three types are characterized by retraction of the globe into the orbit and by narrowing of the palpebral fissure on attempted adduction. The left eye is affected more often than the right eye and the condition is bilateral in about 20% of patients. In addition, each type presents an abnormal pattern of ocular motility. Type 1, the most common affecting over three-quarters of all cases, presents limited or absent abduction and slight esotropia in the primary position, and typically a head turn towards the involved side. Type 2 presents limited adduction, slight exotropia and relatively normal or slightly limited abduction, and usually a head turn away from the involved side. Type 3, the rarest (about 1% of all cases), presents limited abduction and adduction. The aetiology is believed to be a congenital absence of the sixth cranial nerve and its nucleus (partial absence in type 2) and fibres from the third cranial nerve innervate the lateral rectus so that innervation results in contraction of both the lateral and medial recti muscles (co-contraction) and the degree of this paradoxical innervation determines the severity of the disorder. Management is frequently surgical especially in types 2 and 3, but prismatic corrections have been found to be beneficial in selected cases. Syn. Duane retraction syndrome (DRS); Duane's phenomenon; retraction syndrome; Stilling-Turk-Duane syndrome; Turk's disease. See Faden procedure.
Edwards' syndrome A congenital condition in which an extra chromosome 18 is present. The major systemic findings are congenital heart defects and intellectual and physical retardation and the major ocular manifestations are epicanthal folds, corneal opacities, congenital cataract, ptosis and microphthalmos. The life expectancy of patients with this syndrome is less than one year. Syn. syndrome, trisomy 18.
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome Syndrome characterized by hyperelasticity of the skin, hyperextensibility of the joints and fragile blood vessels. It is inherited as an autosomal dominant disorder of connective tissue with an increase in dermal elastic tissue and a decrease in collagen. The ocular signs include blue sclera, eye elongation and myopia, angioid streaks, ectopia lentis, keratoconus and retinal detachment.
exfoliation syndrome See pseudoex-foliation syndrome.
fallen eye syndrome A condition occurring after a prolonged paresis of the superior oblique muscle of one eye, in which the other eye may not elevate completely, if the paretic eye was always the fixating eye.
Fisher's syndrome A rare developmental anomaly due to a fusion of the fascial sheaths of some of the extraocular muscles giving rise to a variety of paralyses depending on the muscles or tendons which have adhered to each other. It can be acquired or congenital. Therapy is mainly surgical.
floppy eyelid syndrome  (FES) A condition often occurring in very obese middle aged males, characterized by a very loose upper eyelid allowing it to be very easily everted and sometimes injured during sleep resulting in papillary conjunctivitis. If severe, treatment is by lid shortening.
Foster Kennedy syndrome A syndrome in which there is optic atrophy in one eye and papilloedema in the other. This is due to direct pressure by a tumour on one optic nerve giving rise to optic atrophy, and as a result of raised intracranial pressure papilloedema develops in the other eye. It is often caused by a tumour at the base of the frontal lobe or an olfactory meningioma. In some cases the patient also reports a loss of smell. Syn. Kennedy's syndrome.
Foville's syndrome A disorder of the inferior cerebellar artery that causes a pontine lesion involving the abducens and the facial (seventh) nucleus or its fasciculus as it leaves the brainstem at the pontine paramedian reticular formation. It is characterized by a paralysis of the conjugate eye movements towards the affected side (horizontal gaze palsy), ipsilateral facial paralysis, hemianaesthesia of the face, contralateral paralysis of the limbs, Horner's syndrome and deafness.
fragile X syndrome  (FXS) An inherited syndrome caused by a constriction and nearly broken long arm of an X chromosome at q27.3. Although males are mainly affected, females are also affected to a lesser extent and carry the genetic defect. Systemic manifestations are intellectual retardation (the second most common cause after Down's syndrome), enlarged testes, high forehead and large jaws and long ears. The ocular manifestations are strabismus (typically esotropia), large refractive errors (most commonly hyperopic) and poor eye contact.
Fuchs' syndrome Changes in the colour of the iris of one eye associated with a mild inflammation of the iris as well as the ciliary body, often complicated with cataract and sometimes glaucoma. See heterochromia.
Gardner's syndrome See congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium.
Gerstmann syndrome A disorder believed to result from a lesion at the occipitoparietal border, the angular gyrus and the interparietal sulcus. It is characterized by finger agnosia, agraphia, acalculia and right-left disorientation. Ocular findings are homonymous hemianopia and visual agnosia for colours.
Goldenhar's syndrome A syndrome characterized by preauricular appendages and vertebral and facial bones anomalies with epibulbar dermoids, upper eyelid coloboma as well as a microphthalmos and optic disc coloboma. Syn. oculoauriculovertebral dysplasia.
Gradenigo's syndrome An inflammation of the middle ear (otitis media) and mastoid bone (mastoiditis) extending to the apex of the petrous temporal bone. It results in ipsilateral deafness, pain in or near the eye on the side of the face (fifth nerve involvement), paralysis of the external rectus muscle (sixth nerve involvement), facial paralysis, reduced corneal sensitivity (fifth nerve involvement) and some increase in body temperature. The condition responds well to antibiotics.
Gregg syndrome See rubella syndrome.
Hermansky-Pudlak s . See albinism.
van der Hoeve's syndrome See blue sclera.
Holmes-Adie syndrome See Adie's syndrome.
Horner's syndrome Interruption of the sympathetic nerve supply to the dilatator pupillae muscle resulting in miosis, slight ptosis (1 or 2 mm), slight elevation of the lower lid, enophthalmos, anisocoria (greater in dim illumination), heterochromia (mainly in the congenital type), and reduced or absence of ipsilateral sweating if the lesion is preganglionic to the superior cervical ganglion. Possible causes are central (e.g. tumour, vascular, demyelination), preganglionic (tumour, common carotid and aortic aneurysms and dissection) or postganglionic (e.g. otitis media, internal carotid dissection, tumour). Syn. Bernard-Horner syndrome. See efferent pupillary defect; Table P11.
Hurler's syndrome An autosomal recessive inherited disorder caused by mutation in the gene encoding the enzyme alpha-L-iduronidase (IDUA). It is characterized by dwarfism, skeletal and facial dysmorphism, intellectual retardation, gargoyle like facies and corneal clouding. There may also be pigmentary retinopathy and optic atrophy. Patients excrete excessive amounts of heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate in the urine. A subtype of this condition is called Hurler-Scheie syndrome (Scheie syndrome) in which the enzyme deficiency is less severe and the systemic features are less pronounced. Syn. mucopolysaccharidosis type 1.
ICE syndrome A syndrome involving the proliferation of corneal endothelium, iris nodules, atrophy of the iris and synechia resulting in secondary glaucoma. ICE is an abbreviation of iridocorneal endothelial. Syn. Cogan-Reese syndrome; iridocorneal endothelial syndrome; iris naevus syndrome. See iris naevus; Chandler's syndrome.
immobile lens syndrome See contact lens acute red eye.
infantile esotropia syndrome See infantile strabismus.
iridocorneal endothelial syndrome See ICE syndrome.
iris naevus syndrome See ICE syndrome.
Irlen's syndrome See Meares-Irlen syndrome.
Irvine-Gass syndrome See cystoid macular oedema.
ischaemic ocular syndrome A syndrome occurring in individuals over the age of 50 with a history of cardiovascular disorders. It is characterized by, usually, unilateral loss of vision which may be acute or may develop over days or months, rubeosis iridis and there may be fadeouts of vision and pain. The fundus may have dilated congested veins with some haemorrhages and macular oedema. Management is directed at the cardiovascular disorder.
Kearns-Sayre syndrome See chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia.
Kennedy's syndrome See Foster Kennedy syndrome.
Laurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl syndrome An apparently hereditary disorder characterized by mental handicap, dystrophia adiposogenitalis, polydactylism and obesity. The associated ocular abnormalities are retinitis pigmentosa, optic nerve atrophy with reduced visual acuity, night blindness and myopia. Syn. Bardet-Biedl syndrome; Moon-Bardet-Biedl syndrome.
Marcus Gunn jaw-winking syndrome See jaw-winking phenomenon.
Marfan's syndrome A widespread inherited disorder of connective tissue that affects many organs, including the skeleton, lungs, heart and blood vessels. The ocular signs are subluxation or dislocation of the lens which results from a defective suspensory ligament, myopia due to increased axial length, retinal detachment as well as heterochromia, keratoconus, blue sclera, strabismus and glaucoma due to developmental anomalies of the angle of the anterior chamber. The syndrome appears to be due to mutation in fibrillin-1 gene (FBN1), which is located on chromosome 15. See luxation of the lens; lattice degeneration of the retina.
Meares-Irlen syndrome A visual disorder characterized by difficulties with reading (visual stress), which are mitigated by wearing coloured filters of a specific tint (called Irlens lens). The patient often complains of headaches and eyestrain and observes illusions of motion, colour and shape distortion of a stationary striped pattern (e.g. grating or text). The patient may also have low amplitude of accommodation and reduced stereoscopic visual acuity. Coloured filters individually selected have been found to help in the management of this condition. Syn. Irlen's syndrome; scotopic sensitivity syndrome. See dyslexia.
Mikulicz's A bilateral, painless, symmetrical enlargement of the lacrimal and salivary glands, causing hyposecretion of tears and saliva. It is usually associated with reticulosis, sarcoidosis, tuberculosis or syphilis. See dacryoadenitis; keratoconjunctivitis sicca; Sjögren's syndrome.
Möbius' syndrome  (or Moebius') A congenital condition due to a deletion on the long arm of chromosome 13. It is characterized by varying abnormalities of the fifth to the twelfth cranial nerves. The patient may exhibit an expressionless facial appearance, webbed fingers or toes, limb defects, deafness, feeding difficulties and mild mental handicap. The ocular signs include unilateral or bilateral esotropia with inability to abduct the eyes, horizontal gaze palsy and sagging of the lower lids.
monofixation syndrome A condition in which there is an inability in binocular fixation, to fuse images formed on the fovea of each eye while peripheral fusion remains normal. There is limited stereopsis in most cases. One eye is usually amblyopic with a small central scotoma, which accounts for the absence of diplopia. There are cases in which there is no strabismus, although anisometropia is present. When there is strabismus (most commonly esotropia) the angle of deviation is small (less than 8 Δ) and the condition is frequently regarded as a type of microtropia. Management usually consists in correcting the refractive error and often occlusion treatment. See sensory fusion; microtropia; occlusion treatment.
Moon-Bardet-Biedl syndrome See Laurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl syndrome.
nystagmus blockage syndrome A condition in which convergence or adduction of one eye reduces nystagmus.
'one and one half' syndrome An eye movement disorder resulting from a brainstem lesion of the medial longitudinal fasciculus and the paramedian pontine reticular formation on the same side of the body. It is characterized by a horizontal palsy when the eye looks towards the same side as the lesion and an internuclear ophthalmoplegia (i.e. limited adduction of the eye on the same side and jerk nystagmus of the other eye, when the eyes look to the side of the body opposite to that of the lesion). It is thus named because there is a complete ipsilateral gaze palsy and a contralateral half gaze palsy. Syn. paralytic pontine exotropia. See internuclear ophthalmoplegia.
orbital apex syndrome See orbital fissure syndrome.
orbital fissure syndrome A disorder caused by trauma or tumour involving the superior orbital fissure through which pass the third, fourth and sixth cranial nerves, which supply the extraocular muscles, and also the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve. It is characterized by diplopia, corneal and facial anaesthesia (about half the forehead), proptosis and pain behind the eyeball. If the trauma, tumour or an orbital inflammation expands to the orbital apex (orbital apex syndrome) it involves the optic nerve and the results are more severe than the orbital fissure syndrome with optic nerve compression, loss of vision, diplopia, proptosis, limitation of eye movements, and corneal and facial anaesthesia. Syn. orbital apex-sphenoidal syndrome.
orbital inflammatory syndrome An idiopathic inflammation of orbital tissues causing sudden pain, restricted ocular motility (including diplopia), proptosis, lid oedema and decreased vision. It may occur in children or adults. The abnormality is thought to be due to an inflammation of the orbital structures including the extraocular muscles (myositis) and tendons, vascular system, sclera, and optic nerve sheath. Lesions may be noted bilaterally, in which case, in the adult population, the possibility of systemic vasculitis or lymphoproliferative disease is raised. Syn. orbital pseudotumour.
overwear syndrome Ocular pain, which may be very intense, accompanied by corneal epithelium damage, conjunctival injection, lacrimation, blepharospasm, photophobia, and hazy vision following corneal hypoxia caused by overwear of contact lenses, principally the PMMA type. The symptoms usually begin to appear 2-3 hours after the lenses are removed and recovery usually occurs within 24 hours, although an antibiotic may be needed. See corneal abrasion; hypoxia; oedema; corneal exhaustion syndrome.
Parinaud's syndrome Paralysis of the conjugate movements of the eyes either for elevation or depression, or both, and sometimes with paralysis of convergence, fixed pupils and lid retraction. This condition is due to a lesion at the level of the superior colliculi or in the subthalamic region. Syn. dorsal midbrain syndrome; tectal midbrain syndrome. See convergence-retraction nystagmus; Collier's sign.
pigment dispersion syndrome (PDS) A degenerative process in the iris and ciliary body epithelium in which pigment granules are disseminated and deposited on the back surface of the cornea, the lens, the zonules and within the trabecular meshwork. On the corneal endothelium it may form a vertical spindle shape (called Krukenberg's spindle). Deposition of pigment in the trabecular meshwork may give rise to glaucoma (called pigmentary glaucoma). See pigmentary glaucoma; Krukenberg's spindle; Sampaolesi's line.
Posner-Schlossman syndrome A condition characterized by recurrent episodes of high intraocular pressure (40-80mmHg) associated with intraocular inflammation. Keratic precipitates commonly appear with each attack, especially on the trabecular meshwork. Patients are typically young adults. Main complaint is blurred vision, due to corneal oedema. The cause is unknown, although herpes simplex virus has been implicated. With repeated attacks chronic uveitis and open-angle glaucoma may develop. Treatment usually consists of topical steroids to control the inflammation and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors or beta-blockers to reduce the secretion of aqueous humour and decrease the intraocular pressure. Syn. glaucomatocyclitic crisis.
pseudoexfoliation syndrome A systemic disorder in which a greyish-white fibrillogranular basement membrane material is deposited on the anterior lens capsule, zonules, ciliary body, iris, trabeculum and conjunctiva, as well as other organs such as the skin, heart, lungs, kidneys and meninges. With gonioscopy, Sampaolesi's line of pigment can be seen on the surface of the trabecular meshwork anterior to Schwalbe's line. Secondary glaucoma may occur as a result. Syn. exfoliation syndrome. See capsular glaucoma; pseudoexfoliation.
presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome (POHS) See histoplasmosis.
Refsum's syndrome An autosomal recessive hereditary disorder caused by a defective metabolism of phytanic acid alpha-hydrolase resulting in an accumulation of phytanic acid in the blood and tissues. The principal signs are pigmentary degeneration of the retina, cerebellar ataxia, peripheral neuropathy and deafness. The visual fields are constricted and there is night blindness. Management with a phytanic acid free diet may retard the progression of the condition. Syn. Refsum's disease.
Reiter's syndrome See Reiter's disease.
retraction syndrome See Duane's syndrome.
Rieger's syndrome A rare, hereditary (usually autosomal dominant) developmental anomaly of the cornea, iris and the angle of the anterior chamber. It is characterized by posterior embryotoxon, stromal hypoplasia of the iris, pupillary anomalies, adhesion of strands of iris tissue to the cornea at the angle of the anterior chamber and glaucoma in about half of the cases, as well as dental and skeletal abnormalities. It is a more severe disorder than Axenfeld's syndrome to which it is related and is thus sometimes referred to as the Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome. Syn. mesodermal dysgenesis of the cornea and iris.
Riley-Day syndrome A hereditary nervous disorder largely confined to Ashkenazic Jews. It is characterized by alacrima, corneal hypoaesthesia, exotropia, myopia and excessive sweating, vomiting, attacks of high fever, incoordination and lack of pain sensitivity. Few patients survive to adulthood as most die from pneumonia and cardiovascular collapse. Syn. familial autonomic dysfunction.
rubella syndrome Congenital defects in infants whose mothers contracted rubella in the first few months of pregnancy. The infant may have cardiac malformation, cataract, pigment epithelium disorders, deafness, microcephaly and mental handicap. Syn. Gregg syndrome. See deaf-blind.
Scheie syndrome See Hurler's syndrome.
scotopic sensitivity syndrome See Meares-Irlen syndrome.
shaken baby syndrome Malicious injury to an infant which causes cerebral (especially intracranial haemorrhage) and ocular damage particularly retinal haemorrhage, but in whom external signs of ocular or head injury are typically absent. It is due to ruptures of retinal vasculature as a result of violent shaking of the baby.
Sjögren's syndrome An autoimmune chronic connective tissue disease characterized by a failure of lacrimal secretion and diminished salivary flow due to destruction of lacrimal and salivary glands. It leads to keratoconjunctivitis sicca, with dryness of the mouth, of the upper respiratory tract and other mucous membranes and often associated with rheumatoid arthritis. The condition occurs predominantly in women after menopause. Management involves artificial tears, corticosteroids, punctal occlusion and in very severe cases tarsorrhaphy may be required. See alacrima; keratoconjunctivitis sicca; Mikulicz's syndrome; artificial tears.
Stevens-Johnson syndrome An acute form of erythema exudativum multiforme involving the mucous membranes and large areas of the body. Some form of conjunctivitis occurs in most cases but symblepharon (an adhesion between the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva) and keratoconjunctivitis sicca with corneal opacification and loss of vision may also occur. Common causes include reaction to some drugs (e.g. sulfonamides, penicillin, NSAIDs), secondary to an infection (e.g. herpes simplex virus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae). Management with high permeability sealed scleral contact lenses which can retain physiological saline bathing the cornea have been found to alleviate symptoms. See pseudomembranous conjunctivitis; entropion; erythema multiforme; ocular ferning test.
Stickler's syndrome An autosomal dominant hereditary, progressive connective tissue disorder. One form of the syndrome is caused by mutation in the collagen, type 2, alpha-1 gene (COL2A1), another by mutation in COL11A1 gene and another by mutation in COL11A2 gene. It is characterized by a flattened face, maxillary hypoplasia, progressive arthritis, cleft palate and deafness. The ocular manifestations include progressive vitreoretinal degeneration, which results in an empty vitreous cavity, vitreous bands, retinal vascular sheathing, chorioretinal atrophy, high myopia, cataract and retinal detachment. See Wagner's syndrome.
Stilling-Turk-Duane syndrome See Duane's syndrome.
Sturge-Weber syndrome A rare, congenital disease characterized by reddish pigmentation or 'port-wine' stains (naevus flammeus), usually on one side of the face in the area supplied by the trigeminal nerve. It is associated with a haemangioma of the choroid and high intraocular pressure, which give rise to megalocornea or glaucoma. Syn. Sturge-Weber disease, encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis. See telangiectasia.
superior oblique sheath syndrome See Brown's superior oblique tendon sheath syndrome.
Swann's syndrome An esotropia in which the angle of deviation is such that the retinal image of the fixation object in the deviated eye falls on the optic disc. Syn. blind spot esotropia; syndrome, blind spot.
Terson's syndrome Subarachnoid haemorrhage followed by retinal haemorrhage (in about 30% of patients) which breaks through the inner limiting membrane of the retina into the vitreous. It is due to an acute rise in intracranial pressure. The condition often subsides spontaneously, otherwise treatment usually consists of vitrectomy. See preretinal haemorrhage.
tight lens syndrome See contact lens acute red eye.
tilted disc syndrome See congenital scleral crescent.
Treacher Collins syndrome An autosomal dominant inherited disorder characterized by deformities of the skull and face with hypoplasia of the zygomatic and mandible bones, ear defects, antimongoloid slants of the palpebral fissures, colobomas of the lower lids and absence of eyelashes medially. It is caused by mutation in the 'treacle' gene (TCOF1). Syn. mandibulofacial dysostosis.
trisomy 18 syndrome See Edwards' syndrome.
trisomy 21 syndrome See Down's syndrome.
Turcot syndrome See congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium.
Turner's syndrome A disorder caused by the absence of, or sometimes defective, X chromosomes in females. It is characterized by shortness of stature, webbing of the skin and neck, congenital heart disease and genitourinary anomalies. The ocular manifestations include epicanthus, ptosis, strabismus, blue sclera, myopia, cataract, and colour vision deficiencies. Note: as these female patients are born with only a single X chromosome this is designated as monosomy 45XO. See chromosome; inheritance.
Usher's syndrome An autosomal recessive inherited condition characterized by retinitis pigmentosa associated with deafness. One form of the syndrome is caused by mutation in the MYO7A gene (myosin, unconventional, family 7, member A), another form is caused by mutations in a PDZ domain-containing gene on chromosome 11p15.1. See deaf-blind.
uveal effusion syndrome A condition characterized by choroidal detachments associated with exudative retinal detachment and frequent localized areas of retinal pigment epithelium hypertrophy. The cause may be idiopathic, trauma, intraocular surgery or chronic uveitis. Treatment is aimed at the primary cause. See choroidal detachment.
V syndrome See V pattern.
Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome (VKH) A severe, multisystem disorder of unknown origin. It is characterized by various systemic features: alopecia, poliosis, vitiligo and/or hearing difficulties. The ocular manifestations, bilateral in nature, are: iridocyclitis, which often leads to the formation of posterior synechia and secondary glaucoma, choroiditis and retinal detachment. Management includes antiinflammatory drugs. Syn. Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease. See Harada's disease.
Wagner's syndrome An autosomal dominant inherited disease caused by mutation in the gene encoding chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG2), which is a proteoglycan present in the vitreous humour. The condition is characterized by an empty vitreous cavity or dense membranes within the vitreous, myopia, retinal perivascular pigmentation, retinal degeneration, cataract and, less frequently, retinal detachment. Vision is usually normal until adulthood. The condition is not associated with systemic diseases. Syn. vitreoretinal degeneration. See Stickler's syndrome.
Weber's syndrome A syndrome caused by a lesion (usually vascular) in the cerebral peduncle of the brain. It is characterized by an ipsilateral third nerve paralysis associated with facial paralysis and contralateral hemiplegia. See paralysis of the third nerve; Benedikt's syndrome.
Weill-Marchesani syndrome A connective tissue disorder inherited as autosomal dominant caused by mutations in the fibrillin 1 gene (FBN1) or recessive dominant, which can be caused by mutations in the ADAMTS10 gene. The syndrome is characterized by spherophakia, lenticular myopia and glaucoma, which result from lens subluxation and pupil block, associated with brachydactyly and short stature. See Marfan's syndrome.
Wernicke's syndrome See Wernicke's disease.