glatiramer acetate

glatiramer acetate (glahtear´a-meer as´tāt),

n a medication used to decrease or stop a relapse of multiple sclerosis. It is typically used to treat individuals resistant to the effects of interferon-β.

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glatiramer acetate

Copaxone

Pharmacologic class: Immunomodulator

Therapeutic class: Multiple sclerosis agent

Pregnancy risk category B

Action

Unknown. Thought to alter immune processes believed to be responsible for pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.

Availability

Injection: 20 mg lyophilized glatiramer acetate and 40 mg mannitol in single-use 2-ml vial (1-ml vial of sterile water for injection included for reconstitution)

⊘Indications and dosages

➣ To reduce frequency of relapses in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis

Adults: 20 mg/day subcutaneously

Contraindications

• Hypersensitivity to drug

Precautions

Use cautiously in:
• pregnant or breastfeeding patients
• children (safety and efficacy not established).

Administration

• Give only by subcutaneous injection into arms, abdomen, hips, or thighs.
• Administer immediately after preparing. Discard unused portion.

Route	Onset	Peak	Duration
Subcut.	Slow	Unknown	Unknown

Adverse reactions

CNS: abnormal dreams, agitation, anxiety, confusion, emotional lability, migraine, nervousness, speech disorder, stupor, tremor, weakness, vertigo

CV: chest pain, hypertension, palpitations, tachycardia, peripheral edema

EENT: eye disorder, nystagmus, ear pain, rhinitis

GI: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, gastroenteritis, other GI disorder, oral candidiasis, salivary gland enlargement, ulcerative stomatitis

GU: urinary urgency, hematuria, erectile dysfunction, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, abnormal Papanicolaou smear, vaginal candidiasis, vaginal hemorrhage

Hematologic: ecchymosis, lymphadenopathy

Musculoskeletal: joint, back, or neck pain; foot drop; hypertonia

Respiratory: bronchitis, dyspnea, hyperventilation

Skin: eczema, erythema, diaphoresis, pruritus, rash, skin atrophy, skin nodules, urticaria, warts

Other: dental caries, facial edema, weight gain, herpes simplex, herpes zoster, cysts, chills, flulike symptoms, pain at injection site

Interactions

None reported

Patient monitoring

☞ Assess for immediate postinjection reaction, including flushing, chest pain, anxiety, breathing problems, and hives.
• Watch for transient chest pain, but be aware that this problem doesn't seem to be clinically significant.
• Check for vaginal bleeding.
• Watch for signs and symptoms of infection.

Patient teaching

• Teach patient how to prepare and self-administer drug. Supervise him the first time he does so.
☞ Teach patient to recognize and immediately report signs and symptoms of postinjection reaction. Tell him this reaction may occur right away or up to several months after first dose.
• Caution patient to avoid driving and other hazardous activities until he knows how drug affects concentration and alertness.
☞ Instruct patient to report signs or symptoms of infection or vaginal hemorrhage.
• Provide dietary counseling. Refer patient to dietitian if adverse GI effects significantly affect food intake.
• As appropriate, review all other significant and life-threatening adverse reactions.