chemotherapy (redirected from Cancer Chemotherapy)

Chemotherapy 

Definition

Chemotherapy is treatment of cancer with anticancer drugs.

Purpose

The main purpose of chemotherapy is to kill cancer cells. It usually is used to treat patients with cancer that has spread from the place in the body where it started (metastasized). Chemotherapy destroys cancer cells anywhere in the body. It even kills cells that have broken off from the main tumor and traveled through the blood or lymph systems to other parts of the body.

Chemotherapy can cure some types of cancer. In some cases, it is used to slow the growth of cancer cells or to keep the cancer from spreading to other parts of the body. When a cancer has been removed by surgery, chemotherapy may be used to keep the cancer from coming back (adjuvant therapy). Chemotherapy also can ease the symptoms of cancer, helping some patients have a better quality of life.

Precautions

There are many different types of chemotherapy drugs. Oncologists, doctors who specialize in treating cancer, determine which drugs are best suited for each patient. This decision is based on the type of cancer, the patient's age and health, and other drugs the patient is taking. Some patients should not be treated with certain chemotherapy drugs. Age and other conditions may affect the drugs with which a person may be treated. Heart disease, kidney disease, and diabetes are conditions that may limit the choice of treatment drugs. In 2003, research revealed that obesity appears to reduce the effectives of high-dose chemotherapy. Researchers said further study was needed to determine the best dosage for obese patients receiving therapy.

Description

More than 50 chemotherapy drugs are currently available to treat cancer and many more are being tested for their ability to destroy cancer cells. Most chemotherapy drugs interfere with the ability of cells to grow or multiply. Although these drugs affect all cells in the body, many useful treatments are most effective against rapidly growing cells. Cancer cells grow more quickly than most other body cells. Other cells that grow fast are cells of the bone marrow that produce blood cells, cells in the stomach and intestines, and cells of the hair follicles. Therefore, the most common side effects of chemotherapy are linked to the treatment's effects on other fast growing cells.

Types of chemotherapy drugs

Chemotherapy drugs are classified based on how they work. The main types of chemotherapy drugs are described below:

• Alkylating drugs kill cancer cells by directly attacking DNA, the genetic material of the genes. Cyclophosphamide is an alkylating drug.
• Antimetabolites interfere with the production of DNA and keep cells from growing and multiplying. An example of an antimetabolite is 5-fluorouracil (5-FU).
• Antitumor antibiotics are made from natural substances such as fungi in the soil. They interfere with important cell functions, including production of DNA and cell proteins. Doxorubicin and bleomycin belong to this group of chemotherapy drugs.
• Plant alkaloids prevent cells from dividing normally. Vinblastine and vincristine are plant alkaloids obtained from the periwinkle plant.
• Steroid hormones slow the growth of some cancers that depend on hormones. For example, tamoxifen is used to treat breast cancers that depend on the hormone estrogen for growth.

Combination chemotherapy

Chemotherapy usually is given in addition to other cancer treatments, such as surgery and radiation therapy. When given with other treatments, it is called adjuvant chemotherapy. An oncologist decides which chemotherapy drug or combination of drugs will work best for each patient. The use of two or more drugs together often works better than a single drug for treating cancer. This is called combination chemotherapy. Scientific studies of different drug combinations help doctors learn which combinations work best for each type of cancer. For example, new research in 2003 found that a combination of chemotherapy and gene therapy stopped breast cancer and its metastasis (spread to other organs or parts of the body).

How chemotherapy is given

Chemotherapy is administered in different ways, depending on the drugs to be given and the type of cancer. Doctors decide the dose of chemotherapy drugs considering many factors, among them being the patient's height and weight.

Chemotherapy may be given by one or more of the following methods:

• orally
• by injection
• through a catheter or port
• topically

Oral chemotherapy is given by mouth in the form a pill, capsule, or liquid. This is the easiest method and can usually be done at home.

Intravenous (IV) chemotherapy is injected into a vein. A small needle is inserted into a vein on the hand or lower arm. The needle usually is attached to a small tube called a catheter, which delivers the drug to the needle from an IV bag or bottle.

Intramuscular (IM) chemotherapy is injected into a muscle. Chemotherapy given by intramuscular injection is absorbed into the blood more slowly than IV chemotherapy. Because of this, the effects of IM chemotherapy may last longer than chemotherapy given intravenously. Chemotherapy also may be injected subcutaneously (SQ or SC), which means under the skin. Injection of chemotherapy directly into the cancer is called intralesional (IL) injection.

Chemotherapy also may be given by a catheter or port permanently inserted into a central vein or body cavity. A port is a small reservoir or container that is placed in a vein or under the skin in the area where the drug will be given. These methods eliminate the need for repeated injections and may allow patients to spend less time in the hospital while receiving chemotherapy. A common location for a permanent catheter is the external jugular vein in the neck. Intraperitoneal (IP) chemotherapy is administered into the abdominal cavity through a catheter or port. Chemotherapy given by catheter or port into the spinal fluid is called intrathecal (IT) administration. Catheters and ports also may be placed in the chest cavity, bladder, or pelvis, depending on the location of the cancer to be treated.

Topical chemotherapy is given as a cream or ointment applied directly to the cancer. This method is more common in treatment of certain types of skin cancer.

Treatment location and schedule

Patients may take chemotherapy at home, in the doctor's office, or as an inpatient or outpatient at the hospital. Most patients stay in the hospital when first beginning chemotherapy, so their doctor can check for any side effects and change the dose if needed.

How often and how long chemotherapy is given depends on the type of cancer, how patients respond to the drugs, patients' health and ability to tolerate the drugs, and the types of drugs given. Chemotherapy administration may take only a few minutes or may last as long as several hours. Chemotherapy may be given daily, weekly, or monthly. A rest period may follow a course of treatment before the next course begins. In combination chemotherapy, more than one drug may be given at a time, or they may be given alternately, one following the other.

Preparation

A number of medical tests are done before chemotherapy is started. The oncologist will determine how much the cancer has spread from the results of x rays and other imaging tests and from samples of the tumor taken during surgery or biopsy.

Blood tests give the doctor important information about the function of the blood cells and levels of chemicals in the blood. A complete blood count (CBC) is commonly done before and regularly during treatment. The CBC shows the numbers of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets in the blood. Because chemotherapy affects the bone marrow, where blood cells are made, levels of these cells often drop during chemotherapy. The white blood cells and platelets are most likely to be affected by chemotherapy. A drop in the white blood cell count means the immune system cannot function properly. Low levels of platelets can cause a patient to bleed easily from a cut or other wound. A low red blood cell count can lead to anemia (deficiency of red blood cells) and fatigue.

When a chemotherapy treatment takes a long time, the patient may prepare for it by wearing comfortable clothes. Bringing a book to read or a tape to listen to may help pass the time and ease the stress of receiving chemotherapy. Some patients bring a friend or family member to provide company and support during treatment.

Sometimes, patients taking chemotherapy drugs known to cause nausea are given medications called anti-emetics before chemotherapy is administered. Anti-emetic drugs help to lessen feelings of nausea. Two anti-nausea medications that may be used are Kytril and Zofran.

Other ways to prepare for chemotherapy and help lessen nausea are:

• regularly eating nutritious foods and drinking lots of fluids
• eating and drinking normally until about two hours before chemotherapy
• eating high carbohydrate, low-fat foods and avoiding spicy foods

New research also revealed in 2003 that taking melatonin, a natural hormone substance, may help improve chemotherapy's effectiveness and reduce the toxic effects of the drugs.

Aftercare

Tips for helping to control side effects after chemotherapy include:

• Following any instructions given by the doctor or nurse
• Taking all prescribed medications
• Eating small amounts of bland foods
• Drinking lots of fluids
• Getting plenty of rest.

Some patients find it helps to breathe fresh air or get mild exercise, such as taking a walk.

Risks

Chemotherapy drugs are toxic to normal cells as well as cancer cells. A dose that will destroy cancer cells will probably cause damage to some normal cells. Doctors adjust doses to do the least amount of harm possible to normal cells. Some patients feel few or no side effects, and others may have more serious side effects. In some cases, a dose adjustment is all that is needed to reduce or stop a side effect.

Some chemotherapy drugs have more side effects than others. Some of the most common side effects are:

• nausea and vomiting
• loss of appetite
• hair loss
• anemia and fatigue
• infection
• easy bleeding or bruising
• sores in the mouth and throat
• neuropathy and other damage to the nervous system
• kidney damage

Nausea and vomiting are common, but can usually be controlled by taking antinausea drugs, drinking enough fluids, and avoiding spicy foods. Loss of appetite may be due to nausea or the stress of undergoing cancer treatment.

Some chemotherapy drugs cause hair loss, but it is almost always temporary.

Low blood cell counts caused by the effect of chemotherapy on the bone marrow can lead to anemia, infections, and easy bleeding and bruising. Patients with anemia have too few red blood cells to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the body's tissues. Anemic patients feel tired and weak. If red blood cell levels fall too low, a blood transfusion may be given.

Patients receiving chemotherapy are more likely to get infections. This happens because their infection-fighting white blood cells are reduced. It is important to take measures to avoid getting infections. When the white blood cell count drops too low, the doctor may prescribe medications called colony stimulating factors that help white blood cells grow. Neupogen and Leukine are two colony stimulants used as treatments to help fight infection.

Platelets are blood cells that make the blood clot. When patients do not have enough platelets, they may bleed or bruise easily, even from small injuries. Patients with low blood platelets should take precautions to avoid injuries. Medicines such as aspirin and other pain relievers can affect platelets and slow down the clotting process.

Chemotherapy can cause irritation and dryness in the mouth and throat. Painful sores may form that can bleed and become infected. Precautions to avoid this side effect include getting dental care before chemotherapy begins, brushing the teeth and gums regularly with a soft brush, and avoiding mouth washes that contain salt or alcohol.

Normal results

The main goal of chemotherapy is to cure cancer. Many cancers are cured by chemotherapy. It may be used in combination with surgery to keep a cancer from spreading to other parts of the body. Some widespread, fast-growing cancers are more difficult to treat. In these cases, chemotherapy may slow the growth of the cancer cells.

Doctors can tell if the chemotherapy is working by the results of medical tests. Physical examination, blood tests, and x rays are all used to check the effects of treatment on the cancer.

The possible outcomes of chemotherapy are:

• Complete remission or response. The cancer completely disappears. The course of chemotherapy is completed and the patient is tested regularly for a recurrence.
• Partial remission or response. The cancer shrinks in size but does not disappear. The same chemotherapy may be continued or a different combination of drugs may be tried.
• Stabilization. The cancer does not grow or shrink. Other therapy options may be explored. A tumor may stay stabilized for many years.
• Progression. The cancer continues to grow. Other therapy options may be explored.
• A secondary malignancy may develop from the one being treated, and that second cancer may need additional chemotherapy or other treatment.

Resources

Periodicals

"Gene Therapy and Chemotherapy Combine to Stop Breast Cancer and its Metastasis." Gene Therapy Weekly October 30, 2003: 2.

"Melatonin Improves the Efficacy of Chemotherapy and Quality of Life." Biotech Week September 10, 2003: 394.

"Obesity May Reduce Efficacy of High-dose Chemotherapy." Health & Medicine Week August 11, 2003: 385.

Organizations

American Cancer Society. 1599 Clifton Rd., NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-4251. (800) 227-2345. http://www.cancer.org.

National Cancer Institute. Building 31, Room 10A31, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2580, Bethesda, MD 20892-2580. (800) 422-6237. http://www.nci.nih.gov.

Key terms

Adjuvant therapy — Treatment given after surgery or radiation therapy to prevent the cancer from coming back.

Alkaloid — A type of chemical commonly found in plants and often having medicinal properties.

Alykylating drug — A drug that kills cells by directly damaging DNA.

Antiemetic — A medicine that helps control nausea; also called an anti-nausea drug.

Antimetabolite — A drug that interferes with a cell's growth or ability to multiply.

Platelets — Blood cells that function in blood clotting.

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chemotherapy /che·mo·ther·a·py/ (-ther´ah-pe) treatment of disease by chemical agents.

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adjuvant chemotherapy  cancer chemotherapy employed after the primary tumor has been removed by some other method.

combination chemotherapy  that combining several different agents simultaneously in order to enhance their effectiveness.

induction chemotherapy  the use of drug therapy as the initial treatment for patients presenting with advanced cancer that cannot be treated by other means.

neoadjuvant chemotherapy  initial use of chemotherapy in patients with localized cancer in order to decrease the tumor burden prior to treatment by other modalities.

regional chemotherapy  chemotherapy, especially for cancer, administered as a regional perfusion.

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che·mo·ther·a·py (km-thr-p)

n.

1. The treatment of cancer using specific chemical agents or drugs that are selectively destructive to malignant cells and tissues.

2. The treatment of disease using chemical agents or drugs that are selectively toxic to the causative agent of the disease, such as a virus or other microorganism.

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chemo·thera·peutic (-pytk) adj.

chemo·thera·pist n.

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chemotherapy

[-ther′əpē]

the treatment of cancer, infections, and other diseases such as cancer with chemical agents. The term has been applied over the centuries to a variety of therapies, including malaria therapy with herbs and use of mercury for syphilis. In modern usage, chemotherapy usually entails the use of chemicals to destroy cancer cells on a selective basis. The cytotoxic agents used in cancer treatments generally function in the same manner as ionizing radiation; they do not kill the cancer cells directly but instead impair their ability to replicate. Most of the commonly used anticancer drugs act by interfering with deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid activities associated with cell division. Chemotherapeutic agents are often used in combination to intercept cell replication at various points of the cell cycle. These agents are also often used in combination with other cancer treatments such as radiation therapy and targeted therapy for their synergistic effect. For example, a cytotoxic agent may be used to render a tumor cell more sensitive to the effects of ionizing radiation, thus allowing the cancer to be controlled with smaller doses of radiation. Chemotherapy is not selective; it kills normal cells as well as cancer cells. chemotherapeutic, adj.

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chemotherapy (unsealed radioactive),

the oral or parenteral administration of a radioisotope, such as iodine 131 (¹³¹I), for the treatment of hyperthyroidism or thyroid cancer or phosphorus 32 (³²P) for leukemia, polycythemia vera, or peritoneal ascites resulting from widely disseminated carcinoma.

method The patient needs to be isolated during the half-life of the radioisotope (8.1 days for ¹³¹I, 14 days for ³²P, and 2.7 days for ¹⁹⁸Au) to prevent radiation exposure to other persons.

interventions Therapy with radioactive iodine is performed on an outpatient basis. The dose of the isotope is low, so radiation precautions are not needed. The nurse wears a radiation badge when entering the patient's room and limits exposure by performing planned procedures efficiently. Routine nursing functions are kept to a minimum. Disposal of urine, feces, and dressings follows a prespecified protocol.

outcome criteria Radioactive iodine usually counteracts hyperthyroidism and is frequently used in conjunction with surgery in the treatment of thyroid cancer. Radioactive phosphorus often controls polycythemia vera, but other agents are generally more effective in leukemia therapy. Radioactive gold is usually administered as a last resort in advanced lung cancer or peritoneal ascites resulting from malignant disease.

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chemotherapy,

n form of treatment, usually for cancer, in which the drug kills or inhibits diseased cells' viability.

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chemotherapy,

n a cancer treatment method that uses chemical agents to modify or destroy cancer cells; dental patients who are undergoing chemotherapy may have increased needs for certain nutrients and the treatment may affect the oral cavity. See also agent, chemotherapeutic.

chemotherapy, local, for gingivitis,

n the treatment of gingivitis with a topical antibiotic agent.

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chemotherapy

the treatment of illness by chemical means; that is, by medication.

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cancer chemotherapy

the use of antineoplastic agents in the treatment of malignant growths; usually employed because treatment by other means, such as surgical removal, is not possible. A variety of malignancies in dogs and cats have been successfully managed with some of the chemotherapeutic agents used in the treatment of cancer in humans.

combination chemotherapy

several drugs are used in parallel or in sequence. A common procedure in human cancer therapy.

multimodal chemotherapy

chemotherapy combined with other forms of treatment, e.g. surgical excision.

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chemotherapy

Chemotherapeutics Oncology The use of various agents, most of which are toxic to dividing cells, to induce tumor cell lysis; successful CT is a function of tumor responsiveness, which most predictably occurs in lymphoproliferative malignancy–eg, leukemia and lymphoma, and small cell–undifferentiated carcinoma; because CT is most effective against rapidly proliferating cells, collateral damage to dividing cells in skin and hair, BM, GI tract, are common, resulting in reversible hair loss, myelosuppression, N&V; a late effect of CT, especially in pediatric leukemia, is induction of a 2^nd malignancy, which may be refractory to therapy. See Adjuvant chemotherapy, Antifolate chemotherapy, Combination chemotherapy, Combined modality therapy, Consolidation chemotherapy, Damocles' syndrome, Electrochemotherapy, High-dose chemotherapy, Hyperfractionation trans-C chemotherapy, Induction chemotherapy, Intensification chemotherapy, Intraperitoneal chemotherapy, Intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemotherapy, Intrathecal chemotherapy, Maintenance chemotherapy, Microdose chemotherapy, Neoadjuvant chemotherapy, Photochemotherapy, Preemptive chemotherapy, Regional chemotherapy, Salvagechemotherapy.

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Patient discussion about Cancer Chemotherapy.

Q. Is chemotherapy the only treatment for breast cancer? They found a lump and took a biopsy, and now they want to do chemotherapy and a surgery, are there any other ways of treatments that not include injecting poison into my body?

A. The type of treatment recommended to you by your cancer specialist will depend on the size and location of the tumor in the breast, the results of lab tests done on the cancer cells and the stage or extent of the disease. Breast cancer treatments are local or systemic. Local treatments are used to remove, destroy or control the cancer cells in a specific area, such as the breast. They include: 1.Surgery, either mastectomy or lumpectomy also called breast conserving therapy or partial mastectomy) with or without lymph node removal. 2.Radiation therapy.
Systemic treatments are used to destroy or control cancer cells all over the body. They include: 1.Chemotherapy which uses drugs to to kill cancer cells. 2.Hormone therapy , including tamoxifen, and the aromatase inhibitors Arimidex, Aromasin and Femara.3.Biological Therapy such as Herceptin, works by using the body's immune system to destroy cancer cells. http://www.webmd.com/breast-cancer/guide/breast-cancer-treatment Hope this helps

Q. Wigs after chemotherapy – where do I start? I ‘m 55 years old woman, and was diagnosed with colon cancer. After the operation (that went well, thankfully), I’m going to start chemotherapy soon. I was told that there’s a good chance I’ll loss my hair. I know it may sound captious, but my hair is very important for me. I was told a wig is a useful option. Does anyone have any tips?

A. I had hair loss due to another illness but found a new life with wigs and great hats! I had the opportunity to be anyone I wanted to be! A great wig can be found online at a big wig web site. I have dozens and enjoy all they offer! If you loose your hair, it will come back, but take advantage of all the fun wigs available! Laugh with your friends and they will laugh with you, not at you! You are in control of this part of your experience, blessings!

Q. What foods and beverages are best to give with cancer/chemo related nausea and vomiting? My father is undergoing chemo for malignant melanoma that has spread to liver/lungs/kidneys. He has constantly nausea and vomits at the drop of a hat. How do I get some nutrition into him? What would help other than prescription meds which he is already on?

A. If he's vomiting, he needs to ask for his anti-sickness meds to be changed or adjusted. They are much better these days, and I found that though I felt nauseous I never vomited.
He should eat whatever he feels he can manage or will make him feel better. Don't worry too much about him getting a healthy or balanced diet, he can put that right when chemo's over. I went through a stage during chemo when I only wanted mashed potatoes; bland carbohydrate was all I fancied, and I ate a lot of them!
I found that ginger in any form helps with nausea - ginger tea, ginger biscuits, crystallized ginger - anything. Cola helped too - some people find it more effective if it's allowed to go flat before drinking it.

Hope your dad gets some relief soon.