ganglion /gan·gli·on/ (gang´gle-on) pl. gan´glia, ganglions [Gr.]
Basal ganglia
basal ganglia
1. a knot, or knotlike mass; in anatomy, a group of nerve cell bodies, located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g., basal ganglia.
2. a form of benign cystic tumor on an aponeurosis or a tendon.gan´glialganglion´ic
aberrant ganglion a small ganglion sometimes found on a dorsal cervical nerve root between the spinal ganglia and the spinal cord.
Acrel's ganglion a cystic tumor on an extensor tendon of the wrist.
Andersch's ganglion inferior g. (1).
autonomic ganglia aggregations of cell bodies of neurons of the autonomic nervous system, divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia.
basal ganglia see under nucleus.
Bidder's ganglia ganglia on the cardiac nerves, situated at the lower end of the atrial septum.
Bochdalek's ganglion superior dental plexus.
cardiac ganglia ganglia of the cardiac plexus near the arterial ligament.
carotid ganglion an occasional small enlargement in the internal carotid plexus.
celiac ganglia two irregularly shaped ganglia, one on each crus of the diaphragm within the celiac plexus.
cerebrospinal ganglia those associated with the cranial and spinal nerves.
cervical ganglion
1. any of the three ganglia (inferior, middle, and superior) of the sympathetic trunk in the neck region.
2. one near the cervix uteri.
cervicothoracic ganglion one formed by fusion of the inferior cervical and the first thoracic ganglia.
cervicouterine ganglion cervical g. (2).
ciliary ganglion a parasympathetic ganglion in the posterior part of the orbit.
Cloquet's ganglion a swelling of the nasopalatine nerve in the anterior palatine canal.
cochlear ganglion spiral g.
Corti's ganglion spiral g.
dorsal root ganglion spinal g.
Ehrenritter's ganglion superior g. (1).
false ganglion an enlargement on a nerve that does not have a true ganglionic structure.
gasserian ganglion trigeminal g.
geniculate ganglion the sensory ganglion of the facial nerve, on the geniculum of the facial nerve.
ganglion im´par the ganglion commonly found in front of the coccyx, where the sympathetic trunks of the two sides unite.
inferior ganglion
1. the lower of two ganglia on the glossopharyngeal nerve as it passes through the jugular foramen.
2. a ganglion of the vagus nerve, just below the jugular foramen.
jugular ganglion superior g.
Lee's ganglion cervical g. (2).
Ludwig's ganglion one near the right atrium of the heart, connected with the cardiac plexus.
lumbar ganglia the ganglia on the lumbar part of the sympathetic trunk, usually four or five on either side.
Meckel's ganglion pterygopalatine g.
Meissner's ganglion one of the small groups of nerve cells in Meissner's plexus.
mesenteric ganglion, inferior a sympathetic ganglion near the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery.
mesenteric ganglion, superior one or more sympathetic ganglia at the sides of, or just below, the superior mesenteric artery.
otic ganglion a parasympathetic ganglion immediately below the foramen ovale; its postganglionic fibers supply the parotid gland.
parasympathetic ganglion one of the aggregations of cell bodies of cholinergic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system; they are located near to or within the wall of the organs being innervated.
phrenic ganglion a sympathetic ganglion often found within the phrenic plexus at its junction with the cardiac plexus.
pterygopalatine ganglion a parasympathetic ganglion in the pterygopalatine fossa; its preganglionic fibers are derived from the facial nerve via the greater petrosal nerve and the nerve of the pterygopalatine canal and its postganglionic fibers supply the lacrimal, nasal, and palatine glands.
Remak's ganglion
1. a sympathetic ganglion on the heart wall near the superior vena cava.
2. one of the sympathetic ganglia in the diaphragmatic opening for the inferior vena cava.
3. one of the ganglia in the gastric plexus.
Ribes' ganglion a small ganglion sometimes seen in the termination of the internal carotid plexus around the anterior communicating artery of the brain.
sacral ganglia those of the sacral part of the sympathetic trunk, usually three or four on either side.
Scarpa's ganglion vestibular g.
semilunar ganglion
2. (in the pl.) celiac ganglia.
sensory ganglion
1. spinal g.
2. (in the pl.) the ganglia on the roots of the cranial nerves, containing the cell bodies of sensory neurons.
3. both of these considered together.
simple ganglion a cystic tumor in a tendon sheath.
sphenomaxillary ganglion , sphenopalatine ganglion pterygopalatine g.
spinal ganglion one on the posterior root of each spinal nerve, composed of unipolar nerve cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the nerve. 
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Ganglion sensorium nervi spinalis (spinal ganglion), seen in a cross-section of the spinal cord.
spiral ganglion the ganglion on the cochlear nerve, located within the modiolus, sending fibers peripherally to the organ of Corti and centrally to the cochlear nuclei of the brain stem.
splanchnic ganglion one on the greater splanchnic nerve near the twelfth thoracic vertebra.
submandibular ganglion a parasympathetic ganglion located superior to the deep part of the submandibular gland, on the lateral surface of the hyoglossal muscle.
superior ganglion
1. the upper of two ganglia on the glossopharyngeal nerve as it passes through the jugular foramen.
2. a small ganglion on the vagus nerve just as it passes through the jugular foramen.
sympathetic ganglion any of the aggregations of cell bodies of adrenergic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system; they are arranged in chainlike fashion on either side of the spinal cord.
trigeminal ganglion one on the sensory root of the fifth cranial nerve in a cleft in the dura mater on the anterior surface of the petrous part of the temporal bone, giving off the ophthalmic and maxillary nerves and part of the mandibular nerve.
tympanic ganglion an enlargement on the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve.
vagal ganglion
1. inferior g. (2).
2. superior g. (2).
ventricular ganglion Bidder's ganglia.
vestibular ganglion the sensory ganglion of the vestibular part of the eighth cranial nerve, located in the upper part of the lateral end of the internal acoustic meatus.
Wrisberg's ganglia cardiac ganglia.
wrist ganglion cystic enlargement of a tendon sheath on the back of the wrist.
| basal ganglia pl.n. 1. The caudate and lentiform nuclei of the brain and the cell groups associated with them, considered as a group. 2. All of the large masses of gray matter at the base of the cerebral hemisphere. No longer in technical use. |
Basal ganglia
A structure at the base of the brain composed of four groups of nerve cells, responsible for body movements and coordination.
basal ganglia
Etymology: Gk, basis + ganglion, knot
the islands of gray matter, largely composed of cell bodies, within each cerebral hemisphere. The most important are the caudate nucleus, the putamen, the substantia nigra, the subthalamic nucleus, and the pallidum. The basal ganglia are surrounded by the rings of the limbic system and lie between the thalamus of the diencephalon and the white matter of the hemisphere.
basal
pertaining to or situated near a base; in physiology, pertaining to the lowest possible level.
basal body
the structure that acts as a template for the characteristic 9 + 2 arrangement of the microtubules of eukaryotic cilia and flagella.
basal cell tumors
neoplasms of the multipotential cells within the stratum germinativum of the skin. They are common in dogs and cats, are locally expansive and do not metastasize.
basal energy requirements (BER)
see energy requirements.
basal ganglia
a collection of masses of gray matter at the base of the cerebral hemispheres, subthalamus and midbrain which are responsible for much of the organization of the activity of somatic muscles. The individual nuclei are the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, endopeduncular nucleus, subthalamic nucleus and the substantia nigra. Other nuclei which have a similar function but are usually not included in the group are the amygdaloid nuclei and the red nucleus.
basal layer
see stratum basale.
basal membrane
the deepest layer of the epidermis in the avian skin. Called also dermoepidermal junction.
basal metabolic rate
see metabolic rate.
basal metabolism
the minimal energy expended for the maintenance of respiration, circulation, peristalsis, muscle tonus, body temperature, glandular activity and the other vegetative functions of the body. See also metabolic rate.
basal metabolism test
a method of measuring the body's expenditure of energy by recording its rate of oxygen intake and consumption. Once a major test of thyroid gland function, it is being replaced by diagnostic tests requiring less extensive preparation and capable of producing more accurate test results, e.g. the determination of the levels of thyroid hormones in the blood and the radioiodine uptake test.
basal nuclei
see basal ganglion.
basal plate
the ventral plate of the developing neural tube of the embryo; associated with motor output from the CNS.
basal tone
degree of contractile tension remaining in blood vessels after complete elimination of all external excitatory influences.
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