barium enema

Barium Enema 

Definition

A barium enema, also known as a lower GI (gastrointestinal) exam, is a test that uses x-ray examination to view the large intestine. There are two types of this test: the single-contrast technique where barium sulfate is injected into the rectum in order to gain a profile view of the large intestine; and the double-contrast (or "air contrast") technique where air is inserted into the rectum.

Purpose

A barium enema may be performed for a variety of reasons, including to aid in the diagnosis of colon and rectal cancer (or colorectal cancer), and inflammatory disease. Detection of polyps (a benign growth in the tissue lining of the colon and rectum), diverticula (a pouch pushing out from the colon), and structural changes in the large intestine can also be established with this test. The double-contrast barium enema is the best method for detecting small tumors (such as polyps), early inflammatory disease, and bleeding caused by ulcers.

The decision to perform a barium enema is based on a person's history of altered bowel habits. These can include diarrhea, constipation, any lower abdominal pain they are currently exhibiting, blood, mucus, or pus in their stools. It is also recommended that this exam be used every five to 10 years to screen healthy people for colorectal cancer, the second most deadly type of tumor in the United States. Those who have a close relative with colorectal cancer or have had a precancerous polyp are considered to be at an increased risk for the disease and should be screened more frequently to look for abnormalities.

Precautions

While barium enema is an effective screening method in the detection of symptoms and may lead to a timely diagnosis of several diseases, it is not the only method to do this. As of 1997, some studies have shown that the colonoscopy procedure performed by experienced gastroenterologists is a more accurate initial diagnostic tool for detecting early signs of colorectal cancer. A colonoscopy is the most accurate way for the physician to examine the entire colon and rectum for polyps. If abnormalities are seen at this time the procedure is accompanied by a biopsy. Some physicians use sigmoidoscopy plus a barium enema instead of colonoscopy.

Key terms

Barium sulfate — A barium compound used during a barium enema to block the passage of x rays during the exam.

Bowel lumen — The space within the intestine.

Colonoscopy — An examination of the upper portion of the rectum performed with a colonoscope or elongated speculum.

Diverticula — A diverticulum of the colon is a sac or pouch in the colon walls which is usually asymptomatic (without symptoms) but may cause difficulty if it becomes inflamed.

Diverticulitis — A condition of the diverticulum of the intestinal tract, especially in the colon, where inflammation may cause distended sacs extending from the colon and pain.

Proctosigmoidoscopy — A visual examination of the rectum and sigmoid colon using a sigmoidoscope.

Ulcerative colitis — An ulceration or erosion of the mucosa of the colon.

Description

To begin a barium enema, the patient will lie with their back down on a tilting radiographic table in order to have x rays of the abdomen taken. After being assisted to a different position, a well-lubricated rectal tube is inserted through the anus. This tube allows the physician or assistant to slowly administer the barium into the intestine. While this filling process is closely monitored, it is important for the patient to keep the anus tightly contracted against the rectal tube to help maintain its position and prevent the barium from leaking. This step is emphasized to the patient due to the inaccuracy that may be caused if the barium leaks. A rectal balloon may also be inflated to help retain the barium. The table may be tilted or the patient moved to a different position to aid in the filling process.

As the barium fills the intestine, x rays of the abdomen are taken to distinguish significant findings.There are many ways to perform a barium enema. One way is that shortly after filling, the rectal tube is removed and the patient expels as much of the barium as possible. Upon completing this, an additional x ray is taken, and a double-contrast enema may follow. If this is done immediately, a thin film of barium will remain in the intestine, and air is then slowly injected to expand the bowel lumen. Sometimes no x rays will be taken until after the air is injected.

Preparation

In order to conduct the most accurate barium enema test, the patient must follow a prescribed diet and bowel preparation instructions prior to the test. This preparation commonly includes restricted intake of diary products and a liquid diet for 24 hours prior to the test, in addition to drinking large amounts of water or clear liquids 12-24 hours before the test. Patients may also be given laxatives, and asked to give themselves a cleansing enema.

In addition to the prescribed diet and bowel preparation prior to the test, the patient can expect the following during a barium enema:

• They will be well draped with a gown as they are secured to a tilting x-ray table.
• As the barium or air is injected into the intestine, they may experience cramping pains or the urge to defecate.
• The patient will be instructed to take slow, deep breaths through the mouth to ease any discomfort.

Aftercare

Patients should follow several steps immediately after undergoing a barium enema, including:

• Drink plenty of fluids to help counteract the dehydrating effects of bowel preparation and the test.
• Take time to rest. A barium enema and the bowel preparation taken before it can be exhausting.
• A cleansing enema may be given to eliminate any remaining barium. Lightly colored stools will be prevalent for the next 24-72 hours following the test.

Risks

While a barium enema is considered a safe screening test used on a routine basis, it can cause complications in certain people. The following indications should be kept in mind before a barium enema is performed:

• Those who have a rapid heart rate, severe ulcerative colitis, toxic megacolon, or a presumed perforation in the intestine should not undergo a barium enema.
• The test can be cautiously performed if the patient has a blocked intestine, ulcerative colitis, diverticulitis, or severe bloody diarrhea.
• Complications that may be caused by the test include perforation of the colon, water intoxication, barium granulomas (inflamed nodules), and allergic reaction. These are all very rare.

Normal results

When the patient undergoes a single-contrast enema, their intestine is steadily filled with barium to differentiate the colon's markings. A normal result displays uniform filling of the colon. As the barium is expelled, the intestinal walls collapse. A normal result on the x ray after defecation will show the intestinal lining as having a standard, feathery appearance.

Accordingly, the double-contrast enema expands the intestine which is already lined with a thin layer of barium, but with air to display a detailed image of the mucosal pattern. Varying positions taken by the patient allow the barium to collect on the dependent walls of the intestine by way of gravity.

Abnormal results

A barium enema allows abnormalities to appear on an x ray that may aid in the diagnosis of several different conditions. Although most colon cancers occur in the rectosigmoid region, or upper part of the rectum and adjoining portion of the sigmoid colon, and are better detected with a different test called a proctosigmoidoscopy, an enema can identify other early signs of cancer.

Identification of polyps, diverticulosis, inflammatory disease, such as diverticulitis and ulcerative colitis is attainable through a barium x ray. Structural changes in the intestine, gastroenteritis, and some cases of acute appendicitis may also be apparent by viewing this x ray.

Resources

Organizations

American Cancer Society. 1599 Clifton Rd., NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-4251. (800) 227-2345. http://www.cancer.org.

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enema /en·e·ma/ (en´ĕ-mah) [Gr.] a solution introduced into the rectum to promote evacuation of feces or as a means of introducing nutrients, medicinal substances, or opaque material for radiologic examination of the lower intestinal tract.

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barium enema  contrast e.

contrast enema  a suspension of barium injected into the intestine as a contrast agent for radiologic examination.

double-contrast enema  double-contrast examination (q.v.) of the intestine.

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barium enema

n.

The administration of barium in enema form for radiographic study of the lower intestinal tract. Also called contrast enema.

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barium enema,

a rectal infusion of barium sulfate, a radiopaque contrast medium, which is retained in the lower intestinal tract during roentgenographic studies for diagnosis of obstruction, tumors, or other abnormalities, such as ulcerative colitis. The procedure is used therapeutically in children to reduce nonstrangulated intussusception. Also called contrast enema.

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barium enema,

n a procedure in which barium sulfate is introduced into the intestine through the rectum. Allows medical professionals to image intestinal tumors, obstructions, ulcerative colitis, and the like with x-rays. Also called
contrast enema.

Barium enema.

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barium

a chemical element, atomic number 56, atomic weight 137.34, symbol Ba. See Table 6. Soluble salts, e.g. the chloride and the carbonate, are toxic.

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barium burger, barium meal

a mixture of barium and solid food, used as a contrast medium in radiographic studies of the esophagus, instead of liquid barium mixtures.

barium chloride

used as a rodenticide. The baits are attractive to dogs. Clinical signs include salivation, convulsions and paralysis.

barium deficiency

preliminary experiments showing that diets deficient in barium fed to rats and guinea pigs depress growth have been neither invalidated nor confirmed.

barium enema

a dilute (5 to 20%) suspension of barium is introduced into a colon that has been emptied by starvation and previous enema.

Barium enema. By permission from Ettinger SJ, Feldman E, Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Saunders, 2004

barium-impregnated polyethylene spheres (BIPS)

radio-opaque markers used to demonstrate intestinal obstruction and motility disorders; the spheres are given orally and their movement can be tracked radiographically.

barium meal

a strong (usually 100%) suspension of barium sulfate is administered to an animal which has been starved for at least 12 hours.

barium study

x-ray examination using a barium mixture to help locate disorders in the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, and the small and large intestines. Called also barium test.

barium sulfate

a water-insoluble salt used as an opaque contrast medium for x-ray examination of the digestive tract.

barium swallow

a small amount of barium paste or liquid administered orally and observed radiographically or by fluoroscopy for examination of swallowing and esophageal function.

barium test

barium study.

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barium enema

Lower GI series Imaging Examination of the large intestine, by instilling barium sulfate, either alone–single-contrast, or with air–double contrast, per rectum until the colon is filled; any regional or zonal defects in the 'column' of barium may indicate inflammation, polyps, or tumors; visible pouches of barium can indicate diverticuli Indications Pts with Hx of altered bowel habits, lower abdominal pain, or passage of blood, mucus, or pus in the stool; abnormal in CA, diverticulitis, chronic ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, polyps, intussusception, gastroenteritis, stenosis, irritable colon, vascular injury, rarely in acute appendicitis Contraindications Tachycardia, ulcerative colitis, toxic megacolon, suspected perforation of colon